Trayectorias de Vida: Justicia e Identidad Moral en Seis Líderes Comunitarios
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/1984-1655.2013.v5n0.p160-185Keywords:
Identidad Moral, Compromiso Moral, Juicio Moral, Ejemplos Morales.Abstract
Esta investigación reporta algunas características de las historias de vida, la formación de la identidad moral y el concepto de justicia de seis líderes comunitarios, hombres y mujeres, que tienen compromisos éticos y pro-sociales muy fuertes. En relación a la formación de la identidad, se observa que estas personas han incorporado elementos éticos en ella, y dan muestra de un sentido de obligación personal para hacer lo que hacen. En cuanto a las nociones de justicia, se evidencia que los participantes muestran construcciones complejas que integran el concepto de equidad y reciprocidad, y que son capaces tanto de contextualizar este concepto a las situaciones concretas con las que se enfrentan como de priorizar la justicia por sobre lo legal, lo tradicional y/o con-vencional. Estos hallazgos se discuten desde la psicología del desarrollo y se reflexiona sobre sus posibles vínculos con la educación.
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References
Blasi, A. (1983). Moral cognition and moral action: A theoretical perspective.
Developmental Review, 3, 178-210.
Blasi, A. (1984). Moral identity: its role in moral functioning. En: Kurtines, W. &
Gewirtz, J. (Eds.). Morality, moral behavior, and moral development. New York:
John Wiley & sons, 128-139.
Blasi, A. (1993). The development of identity. Some implications of moral functioning. En Noam, G.G. y Wren, T. E. (Eds.), The moral self (pp. 99-122). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Blasi, A. (1999). Emotions and moral motivation. Journal for the Theory of Social
Behaviour, 29, 1-19.
Blasi, A. (2005). Moral character: a psychological approach. En: Lapsley, D. K.
Character Psychology and character education (pp. 67-100). Indiana: University of
Notre Dame.
Blasi, A. y Glodis, K. (1995). The development of identity. A critical analysis
from the perspective of the self as subject. Developmental Review, 15, 404-433.
Cairns, R. B. (1998). The making of developmental psychology. En: W. Damon
(Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: The fifth edition, 1, 25–106. New York: Wiley.
Cole, M. (1995). Culture and cognitive development: From cross-cultural research to creating systems of cultural mediation. Culture & Psychology, 1, 25-54.
Cole, M. (1999). Psicología Cultural. Madrid: Morata.
Coles, R. (1990). The spiritual life of children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Covaleskie, J. F. (2011). Integrity and Identity: Judgment and the Moral Self.
Philosophy of Education, 308-315.
Colby, A., & Damon, W. (1992). Some do care: Contemporary lives of moral commitment. New. York: Free Press.
Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: planning, conducting, and evaluation
quantitative and qualitative research. Columbia: Pearson.
Damon, W., Menon, J. & Cotton Bronk, K. (2003). The development of purpose
during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7 (3), 119-128.
De La Taille, Y. (2000). Para um estudo psicológico das vitudes morais. Educação
e Pesquisa, 26, 2, 109-12. Recuperado el 12 de Octubre de 2012 de
http://www.redalyc.org/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=29826208
De Ruyter, D. & Conroy, J. (2002). The Formation of Identity: the importance of
ideals. Oxford Review of Education, 28(4), 509-522.
Volume 5 – Edição Especial – Set/2013 182
www.marilia.unesp.br/scheme
ISSN: 1984-1655
Farías, L. (2008). La comunidad en carne propia. Un estudio biográfico del altruismo y
la madurez moral en barrios caraqueños. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Farías, L. & Perdomo, G. (2004). Moral dilemmas of community leaders and
sense of community. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community,
27(1), 25-37.
Freire, P. (1970/2003). Pedagogia do Oprimido. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Paz e
Terra
Frimer, J; Walker, L; Lee, B.; Riches, A. & Dunlop, W. (2012). Hierarchical Integration of Agency and Communion: A Study of Influential Moral Figures. Journal of Personality, 80 (4), 1117-1145
Frimer, J., Walker, L., Dunlop, W., Lee, B. & Riches, A. (2011). The Integration of
Agency and Communion in Moral Personality: Evidence of Enlightened SelfInterest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 149–163.
Frimer J. & Walker. L. (2009). Reconciling the Self and Morality: An Empirical
Model of Moral Centrality Development. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1669–
1681.
Frisancho, S. (2006). Individualism, communitarianism, and the question of a communal morality in high school teachers. Disertación doctoral no publicada.
Frisancho, S. (2007). La identidad moral: elemento fundamental para una cultura de
los Derechos Humanos. Lima: IDEHPUCP, Documentos de trabajo, serie Democracia y Sociedad, N° 1.
Frisancho, S. (2008). Jueces y corrupción: algunas reflexiones desde la psicología
del desarrollo moral. Revista Memoria, 4, 65-72. Lima: IDEHPUCP.
Frisancho, S. & Ordinola, E. (2010). Disciplina Escolar y Formación ciudadana. Una
experiencia de acompañamiento e investigación. Ponencia presentada en las X Jornadas de Psicología Educacional, La Serena, Chile, Octubre de 2010.
Gergen, K. (1992). The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life.
New York: Basic books.
Hart, D. & Fegley, S. (1995). Prosocial Behavior and Caring in Adolescence: Relations to Self-Understanding and Social Judgment. Child Development, 66 (5),
1346-1359.
Hernández, R., Fernandez, C. & Batista, P. (2010). Metodología de la Investigación.
México D.F.: MacGraw-Hill.
Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. & Power, C. (2005). Character, Responsibility, and
the Moral Self. En D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Character Psychology and
Character Education (pp. 101-120). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Volume 5 – Edição Especial – Set/2013 183
www.marilia.unesp.br/scheme
ISSN: 1984-1655
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
James, W. (1892). Psychology: the brief course. New York: Henry Holt
Keljo, K. y Christenson, T. (2003) On the Relation of Morality and Religion: two
lessons from James’s Varieties of Religious Experience. Journal of Moral Education, 32(4), 385-396.
Kohlberg, L. (1963/2008). The Development of Children’s Orientations Toward
a Moral Order. I. Sequence in the Development of Moral Thought. Human Development, 5, 8-20. Reimpresión de Vita Humana 1963, 6, 11–33.
Kohlberg, L. & Power, C. (1981). Moral Development, Religious Thinking, and
the Question of a Seventh Stage. Essays on Moral Development Vol. I: Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row
Kohlberg, L. & Diessner, R. (1991). A cognitive-developmental approach to
moral attachment. En J. L. Gewirtz & W. M. Kurtines (Eds.), Intersections with
Attachment (pp. 229- 246). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
James, W. (1892). Psychology: the brief course. New York: Henry Holt.
Mangan, K. (2007). Carnegie Foundation report suggests more focus on clients,
less on Socratic dialogues. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(20), A6-A8.
Martin, F. (2006). Cambios sociales y trastornos de la personalidad posmoderna
. Papeles del psicólogo, 2 (27), 104-115. Recuperado el 8 de Marzo de 2012 de
http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/vernumero.asp?id=1342
Matsuba, M.K. & Walker, L. (2005). Young Adult Moral Exemplars: The Making of Self Through Stories. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(3), 275-297.
Maclntyre, A. (1984). The virtues, the unity of a human life, and the concept of a
tradition. En: M. J. Sandel (Ed.). Liberalism and its critics (125-148). New York:
New York University Press.
Ministerio de Educación del Perú (2009). Diseño Curricular Nacional. Extraído el
14 de Agosto de 2012 de http://www.minedu.gob.pe/
Nucci, L. (1982). Conceptual Development in the Moral and Conventional Domains: Implications for Values Education. Review of Educational Research, 52(1),
93-122.
Nucci, L. (1996). Morality and the Personal Sphere of Actions. En E. Reed, E.
Turiel y T. Brown (Eds.), Values and Knowledge (pp. 41-60). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Nucci, L. P. y Turiel, E. (1978). Social interactions and the development of social
concepts in preschool children. Child Development, 49, 400-407.
Volume 5 – Edição Especial – Set/2013 184
www.marilia.unesp.br/scheme
ISSN: 1984-1655
Nucci, L. y Santiago, M. (1982). Children's Social Interactions in the Context of
Moral and Conventional Transgressions. Child Development, 53(2), 403-412.
Nussbaum, M. (2010). Sin fines de lucro. Por qué la democracia necesita de las humanidades. Buenos Aires: Katz.
Padre Chiqui: "Yo conseguí la primera batería de El Agustino" (2006) Recuperado el 20 de agosto de http://peru21.pe/impresa/noticia/padre-chiqui-yoconsegui-primera-bateria-agustino/2006-03-06/74762.
Paradise, R. (2011). ¿Cómo educan los indígenas a sus hijos? El cómo y el por
qué del aprendizaje en la familia y la comunidad. En: Frisancho, S.; Moreno,
M.T.; Ruiz Bravo, P. y Zavala, V. (editoras). Aprendizaje, cultura y desarrollo. Una
aproximación interdisciplinaria. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Piaget, J. (1974/1981). La toma de conciencia. Madrid: Morata.
Piaget J. (1932/1984). El criterio moral en el niño. Barcelona: Martínez Roca
Rosengren, K.; Johnson, C. & Harris, P. (2000). Imagining the impossible. Magical,
scientific and religious thinking in children. New York: Cambridge University
Press
Sandel, M. (2012). What Money Can't Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Taylor, C. (1991). The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press
Turiel, E. (1983). The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention.
Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Turiel, E. (2002). The culture of morality: Social development, context, and conflict.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Uhls, Y. T. & Greenfield, P. M. (2012). The Value of Fame: Preadolescent Perceptions of Popular Media and Their Relationship to Future Aspirations. Developmental Psychology, 48 (2), 315-326
Vignoles, V., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., Golledge, J. y Scabini, E. (2006). Beyond
self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 308-333.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. En M.
Cole, V. John-Steiner & S. Scribner (Eds.), L. S. Vygotsky, Mind in Society: The
Development of Higher Psychological Processes (pp. 79-91). London: Harvard University Press.
Walker, L. (2003). Morality, Religion, Spirituality-The Value of Saintliness. Journal of Moral Education 32(4), 373-384.
Volume 5 – Edição Especial – Set/2013 185
www.marilia.unesp.br/scheme
ISSN: 1984-1655
Walker, L. & Frimer, J. (2007). Moral Personality of Brave and Caring Exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93(5), 845–860.
Walker, L, Frimer, J. & Dunlop, L. (2010). Varieties of Moral Personality: Beyond the Banality of Heroism. Journal of Personality, 78(3), 907-942.
Žižek, S. (1999). ‘You May!’ London Review of Books, 21(6), 3-6. Recuperado el 10
de Mayo de 2012 de: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v21/n06/slavoj-zizek/you-may
Developmental Review, 3, 178-210.
Blasi, A. (1984). Moral identity: its role in moral functioning. En: Kurtines, W. &
Gewirtz, J. (Eds.). Morality, moral behavior, and moral development. New York:
John Wiley & sons, 128-139.
Blasi, A. (1993). The development of identity. Some implications of moral functioning. En Noam, G.G. y Wren, T. E. (Eds.), The moral self (pp. 99-122). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Blasi, A. (1999). Emotions and moral motivation. Journal for the Theory of Social
Behaviour, 29, 1-19.
Blasi, A. (2005). Moral character: a psychological approach. En: Lapsley, D. K.
Character Psychology and character education (pp. 67-100). Indiana: University of
Notre Dame.
Blasi, A. y Glodis, K. (1995). The development of identity. A critical analysis
from the perspective of the self as subject. Developmental Review, 15, 404-433.
Cairns, R. B. (1998). The making of developmental psychology. En: W. Damon
(Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: The fifth edition, 1, 25–106. New York: Wiley.
Cole, M. (1995). Culture and cognitive development: From cross-cultural research to creating systems of cultural mediation. Culture & Psychology, 1, 25-54.
Cole, M. (1999). Psicología Cultural. Madrid: Morata.
Coles, R. (1990). The spiritual life of children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Covaleskie, J. F. (2011). Integrity and Identity: Judgment and the Moral Self.
Philosophy of Education, 308-315.
Colby, A., & Damon, W. (1992). Some do care: Contemporary lives of moral commitment. New. York: Free Press.
Creswell, J. (2008). Educational Research: planning, conducting, and evaluation
quantitative and qualitative research. Columbia: Pearson.
Damon, W., Menon, J. & Cotton Bronk, K. (2003). The development of purpose
during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7 (3), 119-128.
De La Taille, Y. (2000). Para um estudo psicológico das vitudes morais. Educação
e Pesquisa, 26, 2, 109-12. Recuperado el 12 de Octubre de 2012 de
http://www.redalyc.org/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=29826208
De Ruyter, D. & Conroy, J. (2002). The Formation of Identity: the importance of
ideals. Oxford Review of Education, 28(4), 509-522.
Volume 5 – Edição Especial – Set/2013 182
www.marilia.unesp.br/scheme
ISSN: 1984-1655
Farías, L. (2008). La comunidad en carne propia. Un estudio biográfico del altruismo y
la madurez moral en barrios caraqueños. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Farías, L. & Perdomo, G. (2004). Moral dilemmas of community leaders and
sense of community. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community,
27(1), 25-37.
Freire, P. (1970/2003). Pedagogia do Oprimido. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Paz e
Terra
Frimer, J; Walker, L; Lee, B.; Riches, A. & Dunlop, W. (2012). Hierarchical Integration of Agency and Communion: A Study of Influential Moral Figures. Journal of Personality, 80 (4), 1117-1145
Frimer, J., Walker, L., Dunlop, W., Lee, B. & Riches, A. (2011). The Integration of
Agency and Communion in Moral Personality: Evidence of Enlightened SelfInterest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 149–163.
Frimer J. & Walker. L. (2009). Reconciling the Self and Morality: An Empirical
Model of Moral Centrality Development. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1669–
1681.
Frisancho, S. (2006). Individualism, communitarianism, and the question of a communal morality in high school teachers. Disertación doctoral no publicada.
Frisancho, S. (2007). La identidad moral: elemento fundamental para una cultura de
los Derechos Humanos. Lima: IDEHPUCP, Documentos de trabajo, serie Democracia y Sociedad, N° 1.
Frisancho, S. (2008). Jueces y corrupción: algunas reflexiones desde la psicología
del desarrollo moral. Revista Memoria, 4, 65-72. Lima: IDEHPUCP.
Frisancho, S. & Ordinola, E. (2010). Disciplina Escolar y Formación ciudadana. Una
experiencia de acompañamiento e investigación. Ponencia presentada en las X Jornadas de Psicología Educacional, La Serena, Chile, Octubre de 2010.
Gergen, K. (1992). The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life.
New York: Basic books.
Hart, D. & Fegley, S. (1995). Prosocial Behavior and Caring in Adolescence: Relations to Self-Understanding and Social Judgment. Child Development, 66 (5),
1346-1359.
Hernández, R., Fernandez, C. & Batista, P. (2010). Metodología de la Investigación.
México D.F.: MacGraw-Hill.
Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. & Power, C. (2005). Character, Responsibility, and
the Moral Self. En D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Character Psychology and
Character Education (pp. 101-120). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Volume 5 – Edição Especial – Set/2013 183
www.marilia.unesp.br/scheme
ISSN: 1984-1655
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
James, W. (1892). Psychology: the brief course. New York: Henry Holt
Keljo, K. y Christenson, T. (2003) On the Relation of Morality and Religion: two
lessons from James’s Varieties of Religious Experience. Journal of Moral Education, 32(4), 385-396.
Kohlberg, L. (1963/2008). The Development of Children’s Orientations Toward
a Moral Order. I. Sequence in the Development of Moral Thought. Human Development, 5, 8-20. Reimpresión de Vita Humana 1963, 6, 11–33.
Kohlberg, L. & Power, C. (1981). Moral Development, Religious Thinking, and
the Question of a Seventh Stage. Essays on Moral Development Vol. I: Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row
Kohlberg, L. & Diessner, R. (1991). A cognitive-developmental approach to
moral attachment. En J. L. Gewirtz & W. M. Kurtines (Eds.), Intersections with
Attachment (pp. 229- 246). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
James, W. (1892). Psychology: the brief course. New York: Henry Holt.
Mangan, K. (2007). Carnegie Foundation report suggests more focus on clients,
less on Socratic dialogues. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(20), A6-A8.
Martin, F. (2006). Cambios sociales y trastornos de la personalidad posmoderna
. Papeles del psicólogo, 2 (27), 104-115. Recuperado el 8 de Marzo de 2012 de
http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/vernumero.asp?id=1342
Matsuba, M.K. & Walker, L. (2005). Young Adult Moral Exemplars: The Making of Self Through Stories. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(3), 275-297.
Maclntyre, A. (1984). The virtues, the unity of a human life, and the concept of a
tradition. En: M. J. Sandel (Ed.). Liberalism and its critics (125-148). New York:
New York University Press.
Ministerio de Educación del Perú (2009). Diseño Curricular Nacional. Extraído el
14 de Agosto de 2012 de http://www.minedu.gob.pe/
Nucci, L. (1982). Conceptual Development in the Moral and Conventional Domains: Implications for Values Education. Review of Educational Research, 52(1),
93-122.
Nucci, L. (1996). Morality and the Personal Sphere of Actions. En E. Reed, E.
Turiel y T. Brown (Eds.), Values and Knowledge (pp. 41-60). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Nucci, L. P. y Turiel, E. (1978). Social interactions and the development of social
concepts in preschool children. Child Development, 49, 400-407.
Volume 5 – Edição Especial – Set/2013 184
www.marilia.unesp.br/scheme
ISSN: 1984-1655
Nucci, L. y Santiago, M. (1982). Children's Social Interactions in the Context of
Moral and Conventional Transgressions. Child Development, 53(2), 403-412.
Nussbaum, M. (2010). Sin fines de lucro. Por qué la democracia necesita de las humanidades. Buenos Aires: Katz.
Padre Chiqui: "Yo conseguí la primera batería de El Agustino" (2006) Recuperado el 20 de agosto de http://peru21.pe/impresa/noticia/padre-chiqui-yoconsegui-primera-bateria-agustino/2006-03-06/74762.
Paradise, R. (2011). ¿Cómo educan los indígenas a sus hijos? El cómo y el por
qué del aprendizaje en la familia y la comunidad. En: Frisancho, S.; Moreno,
M.T.; Ruiz Bravo, P. y Zavala, V. (editoras). Aprendizaje, cultura y desarrollo. Una
aproximación interdisciplinaria. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Piaget, J. (1974/1981). La toma de conciencia. Madrid: Morata.
Piaget J. (1932/1984). El criterio moral en el niño. Barcelona: Martínez Roca
Rosengren, K.; Johnson, C. & Harris, P. (2000). Imagining the impossible. Magical,
scientific and religious thinking in children. New York: Cambridge University
Press
Sandel, M. (2012). What Money Can't Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Taylor, C. (1991). The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press
Turiel, E. (1983). The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention.
Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Turiel, E. (2002). The culture of morality: Social development, context, and conflict.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Uhls, Y. T. & Greenfield, P. M. (2012). The Value of Fame: Preadolescent Perceptions of Popular Media and Their Relationship to Future Aspirations. Developmental Psychology, 48 (2), 315-326
Vignoles, V., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., Golledge, J. y Scabini, E. (2006). Beyond
self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 308-333.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. En M.
Cole, V. John-Steiner & S. Scribner (Eds.), L. S. Vygotsky, Mind in Society: The
Development of Higher Psychological Processes (pp. 79-91). London: Harvard University Press.
Walker, L. (2003). Morality, Religion, Spirituality-The Value of Saintliness. Journal of Moral Education 32(4), 373-384.
Volume 5 – Edição Especial – Set/2013 185
www.marilia.unesp.br/scheme
ISSN: 1984-1655
Walker, L. & Frimer, J. (2007). Moral Personality of Brave and Caring Exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93(5), 845–860.
Walker, L, Frimer, J. & Dunlop, L. (2010). Varieties of Moral Personality: Beyond the Banality of Heroism. Journal of Personality, 78(3), 907-942.
Žižek, S. (1999). ‘You May!’ London Review of Books, 21(6), 3-6. Recuperado el 10
de Mayo de 2012 de: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v21/n06/slavoj-zizek/you-may
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Construção do Sujeito Moral na Contemporaneidade
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