Decentralized international cooperation, subnational actors and international regimes
the case of the Mercocities network (1995-2019)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2020.v9n3.p560-584Keywords:
Decentralized International Cooperation, International Regimes, Mercocities NetworkAbstract
This article aims to analyze decentralized international cooperation as a mechanism for building collaborative relationships between subnational actors. In this type of cooperation there is a break in verticalization, whereby the hierarchical order would separate donor and donee in different positions, placing its units as main actors of the process. The hypothesis is that such cooperation, based on the establishment of values, norms and decision-making methods created in it practice, comprises an international regime. From a methodological point of view, the article works specifically analyzing the experience exchange and public policy development for collective problems on Mercocities, an international network of Mercosur cities, in particular its Thematic Units, specifically its Citizen Security Thematic Unit, based on institutional document analysis and applying the concept of international regimes to this case. It is concluded that when assessing the development of relationships within the Network, there is an establishment of guiding principles, arising from the decentralized international cooperation, and the establishment of norms, rules and decision-making instruments collectively constructed, through socialization and based on the interests and values of each participant in the Thematic Units, it is possible to classify this form of cooperation, via international city networks, as a kind of international regime.
Downloads
References
ADLER, E. O construtivismo no estudo das relações internacionais. Lua Nova, São Paulo, n. 47, p. 201-246, Aug. 1999. Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-64451999000200011> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
AFONSO, M. M.; FERNANDES, A. P. abCD: introdução à cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Lisboa: Marquês de Valle Flôr/Oikos, 2005.
AYLLÓN, B. La cooperación internacional para el desarollo: Fundamentos y justificaciones en la perspectiva de la teoría de las Relaciones Internacionales. Carta Internacional, São Paulo, n.2 v.2 2007. 32-47.
BARROS-PLATIAU, Ana Flávia; VARELLA, Marcelo Dias; SCHLEICHER, Rafael T.. Meio ambiente e relações internacionais: perspectivas teóricas, respostas institucionais e novas dimensões de debate. Rev. bras. polít. int., Brasília , v. 47, n. 2, p. 100-130, Dez. 2004 . Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-73292004000200004> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
BORJA, J.; CASTELLS, M. Local and the global: Management of cities in the information age. Londres: Earthscan, 1997.
CARDARELLO, A.; RODRIGUEZ, J. Networks of cities as a privileged tool for decentralised co-operation management. Decentralized Cooperation Observatory, 2007. Disponível em: < http://observ-ocd.org/sites/observ-ocd.org/files/publicacion/docs/299_134.pdf> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
CORNAGO, Noé. Diplomacy and paradiplomacy in the redefinition of international security: dimensions of conflict and co-operation. In: ALDECOA, F.; KEATING, M. Paradiplomacy in action: the foreign relations of subnational governments. London e Portland: Frank Cass, 1999. p. 40-57.
CRESWELL, John. Investigação Qualitativa e Projeto de Pesquisa. Porto Alegre: Penso, 2014.
FINNEMORE, M. e SIKKINK, K., Taking Stock: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics, Annual Reviews in Political Science, vol. 4, 2001, pp. 391–416.
GRIECO, Joseph M. Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institucionalism. International Organization, v. 42, p. 485-507, 1988.
______. Understanding the problem of international cooperation: the limits of neoliberal institutionalism and the future of realist theory. In: BALDWIN, D. A. Neorealism and neoliberalism: the contemporary debate. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. pp. 301-338
HAFTECK, P. An introduction to decentralized cooperation: definitions, origins and conceptual mapping. Public administration and development, v. 23, p. 333-345, junho 2003.
HASENCLEVER, Andreas; MAYER, Peter; RITTBERGER, Volker. Theories of international regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004
HERZ, Mônica. Teoria das Relações Internacionais no Pós-Guerra Fria. Dados, Rio de Janeiro, v. 40, n. 2, 1997. Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0011-52581997000200006> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
KEOHANE, Robert. O. After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Princeton Universisty Press, 1984.
KEOHANE, Robert O.; NYE, Joseph S.. Power and interdependence. 4. ed. Boston: Longman, 2012.
JEPPERSON, Ronald L., WENDT, Alexander., KATZENSTEIN, Peter. Norms, identity and culture in national security. In: KATZENSTEIN, Peter J.. The culture of national security: norms and identity in world politics. norms and identity in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. p. 33-75.
JUNQUEIRA, Cairo Gabriel Borges. Entre interesses e identidades, o que querem e o que são?: a atuação internacional dos governos subnacionais argentinos e brasileiros no Mercosul (1995-2018). 2019. 379 f. Tese (Doutorado) - Curso de Relações Internacionais, Unesp/Unicamp/Puc-Sp, São Paulo, 2019.
KRASNER, Stephen D.. Causas estruturais e consequências dos regimes internacionais: Regimes como variáveis intervenientes. Rev. Sociol. Polit., Curitiba, v. 20, n. 42, p.93-112, jun. 2012.
KRATOCHWIL, Friedrich V.; RUGGIE, John G.. International organization: A state of the art on an art of the State. International Organization, v. 40, p.753-775, 1986.
KLEIMAN, Alberto. As cidades e a cooperação descentralizada no contexto das relações União Europeia – América Latina: o novo papel internacional dos governos locais. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Integração da América Latina, Universidade de São Paulo, 2004.
MALÉ, J.-P. Especificidades de la cooperación descentralizada pública: atores, contenidos y modelos. 1ª Conferência Anual do Observatório de la Cooperación Decentralizada - Unión Europea/América Latina. Montevideu: Decentralized Cooperation Observatory. 2006.
MARX, V. Las ciudades como actores políticos en las relaciones internacionales. Barcelona: Universidade Autonoma de Barcelona, 2008.
MATTIOLI, Thiago. Percepções e identidades coletivas na transferência e difusão internacional de políticas públicas: O caso da Rede Mercocidades. In: Simpósio de Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais do Programa San Tiago Dantas – UNESP, UNICAMP, PUC-SP, 2017, São Paulo. Anais... . São Paulo: SIMPORI, 2017. p. 1 - 21. Disponível em: < https://static.wixstatic.com/ugd/93184a_d0809bb3f4d44db0b50105e2fe2b3e7f.pdf?dn=2017_MATTIOLI_Percepcoes.pdf> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020
MENEGHETTI NETO, Alfredo. Redes de Cidades: Cooperação, estratégias de desenvolvimento, limitações constitucionais e divergências – o Caso da Rede Mercocidades. Tese (Doutorado), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2002.
MERCOCIUDADES. Estatuto y reglamento de Mercociudades. MERCOCIUDADES, 2020a. Disponível em: < https://mercociudades.org/descarga/estatuto-de-mercociudades-actualizado-en-2017/> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
______. Estructura y autoridades. MERCOCIUDADES, 2020b. Disponível em: < https://mercociudades.org/estructura-y-autoridades/> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
______. Unidades temáticas. MERCOCIUDADES, 2020c. Disponível em: < http://www.mercociudades.org/node/2286> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
______. Declaraciones Cumbre. MERCOCIUDADES, 2020d. Disponível em: < https://mercociudades.org/declaraciones-cumbre/> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
______. Declaracion de Asuncion. MERCOCIUDADES, 2020e. Disponível em: < portal.mercociudades.net/sites/portal.../1995actafundacional1.pdf> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
ONUF, Nicholas.. Constructivism: a user’s manual. In: KUBÁLKOVÁ et al. International Relations in a constructed world. New York: M.E.Sharpe, 1998; p. 58-78.
RISSE-KAPPEN, Thomas. Democratic peace - warlike democracies?: a social constructivist interpretation of the liberal argument. European Journal of International Relations, Londres, v. 1, n. 4, p. 491-517. 1995.
______. Collective identity in a democratic community: the case of NATO. In: KATZENSTEIN, Peter J.. The culture of national security: norms and identity in world politics. norms and identity in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. p. 357-399 .
RODRIGUES, Gilberto. M. A.; et al. Cidades em relações internacionais: análises e experiências brasileiras. São Paulo: Desatino, 2009.
RODRIGUES, G. M. A.; MATTIOLI, T. Paradiplomacy, Security Policies and City Networks: the Case of the Mercocities Citizen Security Thematic Unit. Contexto int., Rio de Janeiro , v. 39, n. 3, p. 569-587, Dec. 2017 . Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-85292017000300569> Acesso em: 15 mai 2020.
ROMERO, Maria. D. H. Una aproximación contextual y conceptual a la cooperación decentralizada. Valparaíso e Barcelona: Dencetralized Cooperation Observatory, 2004.
RUGGIE, John. G. International responses to technology: concepts and trends. International Organization, 29(3): 557-583, 1975.
STRANGE, Susan. Cave! Hic Dragones: A critique of regime analysis. In: KRASNER, Stephen D.. International regimes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983. p. 337-354.
WELLER, Cristoph. Collective identities in world society: some theoretical and conceptual considerations. Frankfurt: World Society Research Group, 1997.
WENDT, Alexander. Social theory of international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
______. Collective identity formation and the international State. American Political Science Review, -, v. 88, n. 2, p.384-396, jun. 1994.
______. The agent-structure problem in international relations theory. International Organization, Vol. 41(3), 1987.
YOUNG, Oran R.. International cooperation: Building regimes for natural resources and the environment. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
______. International regimes: Problems of concept formation. Word Politics, v. 32, n. 3, p.331-356, abr. 1980.
