Identity, interests and compliance
a constructivist reading of State’s response to International Norms
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2021.v10n2.p498-519Keywords:
Norms, Identity, Interests, Constructivism, ComplianceAbstract
The study of formal commitments and the compliance of states with international norms presents several questions that remain without consensus in International Relations literature. In particular, why states commit to and respect international agreements in a decentralized system remains under debate. While rationalist theories support a conception of states from their material capacities and consider self-interest to explain their behavior, constructivist approaches argue that ideational factors are also indispensable in defining state practices. Drawing on the latter, this article aims to analyze how the identity of states shapes their interests to understand how these elements influence the compliance, or non-compliance, with international norms. From this investigation, it is confirmed that, influenced by a series of subjective determinants, the State's decision is not an either/or proposition. Rather, there is a spectrum along which actors can position themselves.
Downloads
References
ALEXANDROV, Maxym. The Concept of State Identity in International Relations: A Theoretical Analysis. Journal of International Development and Cooperation, v.10, n.1, p. 33–46, 2009. Disponível em: <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a87a/f57f10ff2b61f66268a05c1d89332205a076.pdf> Acesso em: 16 jan. 2020.
ALKOBY, Asher. Theories of Compliance with International Law and the Challenge of Cultural Difference. Journal of International Law and International Relations, v. 4, n. 1, p. 151-198, 2008. Disponível em: <https://ssrn.com/abstract=1113846> Acesso em: 21 jan. 2020.
AREND, Anthony; KREPS, Sarah. Why states follow the rules: toward a positional theory of adherence to international legal regimes. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, v. 16, p. 331-414. 2006. Disponível em: <https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=djcil> Acesso em: 24 jan. 2020.
BATES, Elizabeth. Sophisticated Constructivism in Human Rights Compliance Theory. The European Journal of International Law, v. 25 n. 4, 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/25/4/2552.pdf> Acesso em: 14 jan. 2020.
BURGSTALLER, Markus. Theories of Compliance with International Law. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2005.
CARLSNAES, Walter. Actors, structures, and foreign policy analysis. In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 113-129, 2012.
FINNEMORE, Martha. Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention. In: KATZENSTEIN, Peter J. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
FINNEMORE, Martha; SIKKINK, Kathryn. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, v. 52, n. 4, p. 887-917, 1998.
GRICE, Francis; ROMANIUK, Scott. Norms, Norm Violations, and IR Theory. E-International Relations, 15 nov. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.e-ir.info/2018/11/15/norms-norm-violations-and-ir-theory/> Acesso em: 22 jan. 2020.
GOODMAN, Ryan; JINKS, Derek. How to Influence States: Socialization and International Human Rights Law. Duke Law Journal, v. 54, n. 3, p. 621-703, 2004. Disponível em: <https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1240&context=dlj> Acesso em: 22 jan. 2020.
GUZZINI, Stefano; LEANDER, Anna. A social theory for international relations: an appraisal of Alexander Wendt's theoretical and disciplinary synthesis. Journal of International Relations and Development, v. 4, p. 316-338, 2001. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290922037_A_social_theory_for_international_relations_An_appraisal_of_Alexander_Wendt's_theoretical_and_disciplinary_synthesis> Acesso em: 24 jan. 2020.
HILLEBRECHT, Courtney. The domestic mechanisms of compliance with international human rights law: case studies from the inter-american human rights system. Human Rights Quarterly, [S.L.], v. 34, n. 4, p. 959-985, 2014. Johns Hopkins University Press.
JEPPERSON, Ronald; KATZENSTEIN, Peter J.; WENDT, Alexander.Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security. In: KATZENSTEIN, Peter J. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
KEOHANE, Robert O. International Institutions: Two Approaches. International Studies Quarterly, v. 32, n. 4, p. 379-396, 1988. Disponível em: < https://doi.org/10.2307/2600589> Acesso em: 22 jan. 2020.
KOH, Harold. Why Do Nations Obey International Law? Faculty Scholarship Series, v. 106, n. 8, p. 2599-2659, 1997. Disponível em: <https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/view content.cgi?article=2897&context=fss_papers> Acesso em: 22 jan. 2020.
MEIRELES, Bruna. O problema político da soberania e a (im)possibilidade das culturas de anarquia internacional de Alexander Wendt. Dissertação (Mestrado em Relações Internacionais) - Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal. 2017. Disponível em: <https://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/31648/1/2017_BrunaHolsteinMeireles.pdf> Acesso em: 16 jan. 2020.
REISMAN, Michael. Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law. Faculty Scholarship Series, v. 84, n. 4, p. 866-876, 1990. Disponível em: <https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1866&context=fss_papers> Acesso em: 23 jan. 2020.
RISSE, Thomas; SIKKINK, Kathryn. The socialization of international human rights norms into domestic practices: introduction. In: RISSE, Thomas; ROPP, Stephen C.; SIKKINK, Kathryn. The power of human rights. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
WENDT, Alexander. Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics. International Organization, [S.L], v. 46, n. 2, p. 391-425, 1992.
WENDT, Alexander. Teoria Social da Política Internacional. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Apicuri, 1999.
ZEHFUSS, Maja. Constructivism in International Relations - The Politics of Reality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.