Between Contention and Engagement: US response to China’s rise in the Obama and Trump administrations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n3.07.p544Palavras-chave:
China's Rise, Contention, Engagement, International Liberal OrderResumo
O artigo objetiva avaliar como os Estados Unidos têm gerenciado a ascensão da China e as atuais mudanças na ordem liberal internacional. Argumenta-se que a estratégia dos Estados Unidos para a China tem se aproximado crescentemente da contenção em detrimento do engajamento. Os dois principais objetivos do artigo são, primeiramente, tratar a questão em um quadro teórico e, a seguir, fazer uma consideração empírica do problema. Para isso, o artigo compara as abordagens realista de contenção e liberal de engajamento e as contrasta com as políticas externas das administrações Obama e Trump para a China. Para esse fim, o artigo analisa as Estratégias Nacionais de Segurança de ambos os governos, utilizando o método de análise de conteúdo. Isso possibilita uma avaliação teórica e empírica da política americana em relação à ascensão de Pequim e aos desafios da ordem liberal na última década. O resultado principal da pesquisa é que a ascensão da China e as ameaças à hegemonia dos Estados Unidos têm sido preocupações prioritárias desde o governo Obama. O que mudou com Trump no poder, no entanto, foram os meios empregados para lidar com tais questões, com a mudança de uma retórica de engajamento para a reivindicação explícita pela contenção. Com base nisso, o artigo conclui que tal mudança de postura em relação a Pequim e o recuo de Washington da arena global podem em realidade aprofundar os desafios à hegemonia estadunidense em vez de solucioná-los.
Downloads
Referências
Buzan, Barry. China in international society: Is ‘peaceful rise’ possible?. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, v. 3, n. 1, p. 5-36, 2010.
Carpenter, Ted Galen. (1991), “The new world disorder”. Foreign Policy, vol. 84, pp. 24- 39.
Friedberg, Aaron L. The future of US-China relations: Is conflict inevitable?. International security, v. 30, n. 2, p. 7-45, 2005.
Fukuyama, Francis. The end of history and the last man. Simon and Schuster, 2006.
Gramsci, Antonio et al. Selections from the prison notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971.
Griffiths, Ryan. 2018. The Waltzian ordering principle and international change: A two-dimensional model. European Journal of International Relations. Volume: 24 issue: 1, page(s): 130-152 Article first published online: March 28, 2017; Issue published: March 1, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066117700478
Haass, Richard N. Liberal World Order, R.I.P. 2018. Available at: <https://www.cfr.org/article/liberal-world-order-rip>. Access on: 10 November 2018.
Huntington, Samuel P. The clash of civilizations?. Foreign affairs, p. 22-49, 1993.
Ikenberry, G. John. (1996), “The Myth of Post-Cold War Chaos”. Foreign Affairs, vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 79-91
Ikenberry, G. John. Liberal Leviathan: The origins, crisis, and transformation of the American world order. Princeton University Press, 2011.
Jones, Bruce. The era of U.S.-China cooperation is drawing to a close—What comes next?. 2019. Available at: < https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/01/07/the-era-of-u-s-china-cooperation-is-drawing-to-a-close-what-comes-next/?utm_campaign=Brookings%20Brief&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=68845223>. Access on: 28 February 2019.
Kirshner, Jonathan. 2012.The tragedy of offensive realism: Classical realism and the rise of China. European Journal of International Relations. Volume: 18 issue: 1, page(s): 53-75. Article first published online: August 17, 2010; Issue published: March 1, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066110373949
Krauthammer, Charles. The unipolar moment. Foreign affairs, v. 70, n. 1, p. 23-33, 1990.
Layne, Christopher. This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana. International Studies Quarterly, [s.l.], v. 56, n. 1, p.203-213, 4 Jan. 2012. Oxford University Press (OUP). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00704.x.
Mearsheimer, John J. Can China Rise Peacefully? 2014. Available at: <http://www.eastlaw.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Can-China-Rise-Peacefully_-_-The-National-Interest.pdf>. Access on: 16 June 2018.
Mearsheimer, John. The tragedy of great power politics. New York: WWW & Norton Company, 2001.
Nye, Joseph S. (1992), “What new world order?”. Foreign Affairs, vol.71, No. 2, pp. 83-96.
Paul, T. V. The Accommodation of Rising Powers in World Politics. In: Paul, T. V. (Ed.). Accommodating Rising Powers: Past, Present, and Future. Cambridge University Press, 2016. p. 3-23.
Snyder, Jack L. Power and progress: international politics in transition. Routledge, 2012.
Snyder, Jack. Myths of Empire: Domestic politics and international ambition. Cornell University Press, 1991.
The White House. 2010. National Security Strategy. Washington: White House Office. Available at: < http://nssarchive.us/NSSR/2010.pdf>. Access on: 01 October 2018.
The White House. 2015. National Security Strategy. Washington: White House Office. Available at: < http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf >. Access on 01 October 2018.
The White House. 2017. National Security Strategy. Washington: White House Office. Available at: < https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf>. Access on: 01 October 2018.
Waltz, Kenneth; Fearon, James. A Conversation with Kenneth Waltz. Annual Review Of Political Science, [s.l.], v. 15, n. 1, p.1-12, 15 Jun. 2012. Annual Reviews. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-020511-174136.
Waltz, Kenneth. Reflections on Theory of International Politics. A Response to My Critics. In: Waltz, Kenneth. Realism and International Politics, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 37-55, 2008.
Waltz, Kenneth. Structural Realism after the Cold War. International Security, v. 25, n.1, 2000, p. 5-41.
Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politics. Addison –Wesley Publishing Company, 1979.
Yue, Jianyong. Peaceful rise of China: Myth or reality?. International Politics, v. 45, n. 4, p. 439-456, 2008.
