RACIONALIDADE E RACIOCÍNIO HUMANO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/1984-8900.2011.v3n06.4423Palavras-chave:
Racionalidade, Raciocínio humano, Teorias de Duplo ProcessoResumo
No estudo da racionalidade há um projeto normativo, o qual busca compreender o que significa raciocinar corretamente ou ser racional. O foco deste projeto é encontrar regras que ditem um padrão para o raciocínio ser avaliado. Há também um projeto descritivo, praticado por cientistas da cognição com abordagem empirista. Estes buscam descobrir de que forma as pessoas de fato raciocinam e descrever os mecanismos e processos responsáveis pelos padrões de raciocínio observado. Este artigo pretende expor alguns aspectos históricos de ambos os projetos e apresentar brevemente uma corrente teórica vinda do projeto descritivo com poder de propor uma nova forma de compreensão para aspectos normativos, as teorias de duplo processo.
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Referências
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COSMIDES, L.; TOOBY, J. Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgement under uncertainty. Cognition, v. 58, n. 1, p.1-73, 1996.
DAWKINS, R. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
DENNETT, D. C. Consciousness Explained. Nova York: Black Bay Books, 1991.
EVANS, J. In Two Minds: Dual-Process Accounts of Reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, v. 7, n. 10, p. 454–459, 2003.
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FOLEY, R. Working without a Net: A Study of Egocentric Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
GARDNER, H. The Mind’s New Science: A history of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
GIGERENZER, G.; TODD, P.; ABC RESEACH GROUP. Simple Heuristics that make us Smart. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
GOLDMAN, A. Philosophical Applications of Cognitive Science. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.
HAACK, S. Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond Formalism. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996.
KAHNEMAN, D.; SLOVIC, P.; TVERSKY A. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
KAHNEMAN, D.; TVERSKY, A. The psychology of preferences. Scientific American, v. 246, n. 1, 160-173, 1982.
MINSKY, M. The Society of Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985.
NISBETT, R.; BORGIDA, E. Attribution and the social psychology of prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 32, p. 932-943, 1975.
NOZICK, R. The Nature of Rationality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
PIATTELLI-PALMARINI, M. Inevitable Illusions: How Mistakes of Reason Rule our Minds. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
OAKSFORD, M. Reasoning. In: NADEL, Lynn (Ed). Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Nova York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. p. 1-6.
RIPS, L. Deductive Reasoning. In: WILSON, A. Robert; KEIL Frank C (Eds). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: The MIT press, 1999. p. 225-226
RYSIEW, P. Rationality Disputes – Psychology and Epistemology. Philosophy Compass, v. 3, n. 6, p. 1153-1176, 2008.
SAMUELS, R.; STICH, S.; BISHOP, M. Ending the rationality wars: How to make disputes about human rationality disappear. In: E.Renee (ed.). Common sense, reasoning and rationality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 236-268.
______.; FAUCHER. L. Reason and Rationality. In: I. Niiniluoto, M. Sintonen, & J. Wolenski (eds.). Handbook of Epistemology. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2004. p. 1-50.
SAUNDERS, C.; OVER, D. In Two Minds About Rationality? In: Evans, J., & Frankish, K (Eds). In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
SCHECK, P; NELSON, T. Metacognition. In: NADEL, Lynn (Ed). Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Nova York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. p. 1-4.
STANOVICH, K.; WEST, R. Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, v. 23, n. 5, p. 645–665, 2000.
STANOVICH, K. The Robot’s Rebellion: Finding meaning in the age of Darwin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
STEIN, E. Without good reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
WASON, P. C. Reasoning about a rule. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, v. 20, n. 3, p. 273-281, 1968.
BISHOP, M. Fast and Frugal Heuristics. Philosophy Compass, v. 1, n. 2, p. 201–223, 2006.
CELLUCCI, C. Reason and Logic. In: C. Amoretti & N. Vassallo (eds.), Reason and Rationality, Frankfurt am Main: Ontos, 2010.
COSMIDES, L.; TOOBY, J. Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgement under uncertainty. Cognition, v. 58, n. 1, p.1-73, 1996.
DAWKINS, R. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
DENNETT, D. C. Consciousness Explained. Nova York: Black Bay Books, 1991.
EVANS, J. In Two Minds: Dual-Process Accounts of Reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, v. 7, n. 10, p. 454–459, 2003.
EVANS, J.; OVER, D. Rationality and Reasoning. East Sussex: Psychology Press, 1996.
FOLEY, R. Working without a Net: A Study of Egocentric Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
GARDNER, H. The Mind’s New Science: A history of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
GIGERENZER, G.; TODD, P.; ABC RESEACH GROUP. Simple Heuristics that make us Smart. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
GOLDMAN, A. Philosophical Applications of Cognitive Science. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.
HAACK, S. Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond Formalism. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996.
KAHNEMAN, D.; SLOVIC, P.; TVERSKY A. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
KAHNEMAN, D.; TVERSKY, A. The psychology of preferences. Scientific American, v. 246, n. 1, 160-173, 1982.
MINSKY, M. The Society of Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985.
NISBETT, R.; BORGIDA, E. Attribution and the social psychology of prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 32, p. 932-943, 1975.
NOZICK, R. The Nature of Rationality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
PIATTELLI-PALMARINI, M. Inevitable Illusions: How Mistakes of Reason Rule our Minds. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
OAKSFORD, M. Reasoning. In: NADEL, Lynn (Ed). Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Nova York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. p. 1-6.
RIPS, L. Deductive Reasoning. In: WILSON, A. Robert; KEIL Frank C (Eds). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge: The MIT press, 1999. p. 225-226
RYSIEW, P. Rationality Disputes – Psychology and Epistemology. Philosophy Compass, v. 3, n. 6, p. 1153-1176, 2008.
SAMUELS, R.; STICH, S.; BISHOP, M. Ending the rationality wars: How to make disputes about human rationality disappear. In: E.Renee (ed.). Common sense, reasoning and rationality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 236-268.
______.; FAUCHER. L. Reason and Rationality. In: I. Niiniluoto, M. Sintonen, & J. Wolenski (eds.). Handbook of Epistemology. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2004. p. 1-50.
SAUNDERS, C.; OVER, D. In Two Minds About Rationality? In: Evans, J., & Frankish, K (Eds). In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
SCHECK, P; NELSON, T. Metacognition. In: NADEL, Lynn (Ed). Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Nova York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. p. 1-4.
STANOVICH, K.; WEST, R. Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, v. 23, n. 5, p. 645–665, 2000.
STANOVICH, K. The Robot’s Rebellion: Finding meaning in the age of Darwin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
STEIN, E. Without good reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
WASON, P. C. Reasoning about a rule. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, v. 20, n. 3, p. 273-281, 1968.
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2011-12-15
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