The hegemon’s outside option: mega-regional trade agreements and United States trade policy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n1.08.p142Palavras-chave:
USA, TPP, TTIP, multilateralism, trade., USA, TPP, TTIP, multilateralism, tradeResumo
The United States is facing growing challenges to the advancement of its interests in the World Trade Organization. The assertiveness of emerging countries in advancing their interests in the Doha Round made the achievement of a deal almost impossible. Slow progress is being made (the Trade Facilitation Agreement, for example), but no broad and significant trade deal has been reached so far. There are ongoing suggestions that the Doha round should be abandoned for good. The TPP and TTIP represented two shots the United States has taken to advance its trade interests outside the scope of the WTO, escaping possible challenges imposed by emerging countries. The irony behind this is that the trade regime in force was created by the United States at the height of its hegemony. The questions driving this paper are: Is this option for trade agreements related to American hegemonic decline? And to what extent does this option weaken the weaken the multilateral trade regime embodied in the WTO? There is a brief discussion about the future of this strategy under Trump’s presidency, who has a different stance regarding regional trade agreements.
Recebido em: maio/2018.
Aprovado em: janeiro/2019.
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Referências
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Arrighi, Giovanni. Adam Smith em Pequim: Origens e fundamentos do século XXI (São Paulo: Editora Boitempo, 2008), 428p.
Badin, Michelle Ratton Sanchez. “Compromissos assumidos por grandes e médias economias em acordos preferenciais de comércio: o contraponto entre União Europeia e Estados Unidos e China e Índia”. IPEA, Texto para discussão, n.1700 (2012), 38 p.
Barfield, Claude. “The TPP: more than a trade agreement”. East Asia Forum, 2016. Access on Nov 11, 2016, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/11/02/the-tpp-more-than-a-trade-agreement/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=newsletter2016-11-05
Bhagwati, Jagdish. Termites in the Trading System: How Preferential Trade Agreements Undermine Free Trade (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 139 p.
Biden Jr., Joseph R. “Building on Success”. Foreign Affairs, September/October 2016. Access on Sep 03, 2016, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-08-07/building-success?cid=emc-biden_email-header-080916&sp_mid=52026312&sp_rid=ZmVjYnJhbmRhb0BnbWFpbC5jb20S1&spMailingID=52026312&spUserID=MjEyOTQ5OTc4OTQ1S0&spJobID=981659137&spReportId=OTgxNjU5MTM3S0
Bohnenberger, Fabian. “Acordos megarregionais e governança global do comércio: abertura e inclusão em um sistema cada vez mais complexo”. Pontes, v.12, n.5 (2016).
Bown, Chad P. “Mega-Regional Trade Agreements and the future of the WTO”. Council of Foreign Relation, Discussion Paper Series on Global and Regional Governance (2016).
Gao, Henry. “Broken promises set a bad example for China in the WTO”. East Asia Forum, March 2018. Access on Apr 26, 2018, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/03/09/broken-promises-set-a-bad-example-for-china-in-the-wto/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=newsletter2018-03-12
Gilpin, Robert. War and Change in World Politics (Nova York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 272 p.
Gowa, Joanne. “Hegemonic Stability: A Critical Review”. In Allies, Adversaries and International Trade, authored by Joanne Gowa, p.11-30. Princecton: Princceton University Press, 1995.
Hamilton, Daniel S. “America’s Mega-regional Trade Diplomacy: Comparing TPP and TTIP”. The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, v.49, n.1, (2014): 81-97.
Harvey, David. The new Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.253p.
Haufbauer, Gary c. & Cimino-Isaacs, Kathleen. “How will the TPP and TTIP change the WTO system”. Journal of International Economic Law, n.18, (2016): 679-696.
Hu Weixing. “China as a Listian State: Interest, Power, and Economic Ideology”. In America, China, and the struggle for world order, edited by Ikenberry, John G.; Wang Jisi & Zhu Feng, 211-242. Palgrave McMillan, 2015.
Hung Ho-Fung. The China Boom: Why China will not rule the world (Columbia University Press, 2016), 232p.
ICTSD. “As New ‘Trump’ Reality Sinks In, Questions Grow Over Future Trade Policy”. Bridges, v.20, n.39, (2016). Access on Nov 21, 2016, http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges/news/as-new-trump-reality-sinks-in-questions-grow-over-future-trade-policy
ICTSD. “US Trade Officials Prepare for a Post-Election Landscape on TPP”. Bridges, v.20, n.37, (2016). Access on Nov 03, 2016, http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges/news/us-trade-officials-prepare-for-a-post-election-landscape-on-tpp
IKENBERRY, John G. Liberal Leviathan: The origins, crisis, and transformation of the American World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. 372p.
Keohane, Robert O. After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984), 290 p.
Krasner, Stephen D. “State Power and the Structure of International Trade”. In. International Political Economy: perspectives on global power and wealth, edited by Frieden, Jeffrey A., Lake, David, A. & Broz, J. Lawrence, 23-41. Nova York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010.
Kudnani, Hans. “TTIP Must Die so the West Can Live”. Foreign Policy, May 13, 2016. Access on Jan 07, 2017, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/13/ttip-tpp-eu-trade-obama-asia/
Laïdi, Zaki. Is Multilateralism Finished? Project Syndicate. May 18, 2018. Access on May 25, 2018, https://www.project-syndicate.org/onpoint/is-multilateralism-finished-by-zaki-laidi-2018-05?utm_source=Project+Syndicate+Newsletter&utm_campaign=2c39ab9d2e-op_newsletter_2018_18_05&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-2c39ab9d2e-93500473&mc_cid=2c39ab9d2e&mc_eid=709cd9d948
Lake, David. “British and American Hegemony Compared: Lessons for the Current Era of Decline”. In. International Political Economy: perspectives on global power and wealth, edited by Frieden, Jeffrey A., Lake, David, A. & Broz, J. Lawrence, 139-156. Nova York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010.
Lasik, Joris. “The Road to TTIP: Implications for global governance and the rule of law”. Working Paper, n.176, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, 2016.
Mastanduno, Michael. “Still the Liberal Leader? Domestic Legacies, International Realities, and the Role of the United States in the World Economy”. In America, China, and the struggle for world order: ideas, traditions, historical legacies, and global visions, edited by Ikenberry, John G.; Wang Jisi & Zhu Feng, 189-210. Palgrave McMillan, 2015.
Mendonça, Filipe Almeida do Prado. “Os discursos anticomércio nas eleições presidenciais dos Estados Unidos”. Pontes, v.12, n.8, (2016). Access on Dec 04, 2016, http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/pontes/news/os-discursos-anticom%C3%A9rcio-nas-elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es-presidenciais-dos-estados-unidos
Oliveira, Henrique Altemani. “Livre comércio, cooperação regional ou disputa pelo poder? Qual é o papel da Parceria Trans-pacífico?”. In Perspectivas Asiáticas organized by Lima, Marcos Costa, 33-66. Rio de Janeiro, Fólio Digital Editora, 2016.
Panda, Ankit. “Trump Killed TPP. What's Next For Trade in Asia?”. The Diplomat, January 24, 2017. Access on Feb 02, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/01/trump-killed-tpp-whats-next-for-trade-in-asia/
Pecequilo, Cristina Soreanu. A política externa dos Estados Unidos: continuidade ou mudança? 3rd ed. (Porto Alegre: Editora da UFRGS, 2011), 365p.
Ravenhill, John. “Regional Trade Agreements”. In Global Political Economy edited by Ravenhill, John, 173-202. Oxford University Press, 2011.
Reich, Simon & Lebow, Richard Ned. Good-bye hegemony! Power and influence in the global system (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014), 190p.
Snidal, Duncan. The limits of hegemonic stability theory. International Organization, v.39, n.4, p.576-614, 1985.
Stavridis, James. “The American BREXIT is coming”. Foreign Policy, October 06, 2016. Access on Nov 02, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/10/06/the-american-brexit-is-coming-tpp-trade-trans-pacific-partnership/
Trommer, Silke. “As funções de governança da OMC na era dos acordos preferenciais de comércio”. Pontes, v.12, n.4, (2016).
Wang Jisi & Zhu Feng. “Conclusion: The United States, China and World Order”. In America, China, and the struggle for world order: ideas, traditions, historical legacies, and global visions, edited by Ikenberry, John G.; Wang Jisi & Zhu Feng, 359-378. Palgrave McMillan, 2015.
Winhan, Gilbert R. The Evolution of the Global Trade Regime. In Global Political Economy edited by Ravenhill, John, 137-172. Oxford University Press, 2011.
World Trade Organization. “List of all RTAs by country”. 2016. Access on Jan 16, 2017, http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicAllRTAList.aspx
XI Jinping. “President Xi's speech to Davos in full”. Speech at the World Economic Forum, Davos, 2017. Access on Jan 23, 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-at-the-world-economic-forum
Young, Alaistair R. “Transatlantic intransigence in the Doha Round: domestic politics and the difficulty of compromise”. In Deadlocks in multilateral negotiations: causes and solutions edited by Narlikar, Amrita, 123-141. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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2019-02-11
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MARTINS, Fernanda de Castro Brandão. The hegemon’s outside option: mega-regional trade agreements and United States trade policy. Brazilian Journal of International Relations, Marília, SP, v. 8, n. 1, p. 142–166, 2019. DOI: 10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n1.08.p142. Disponível em: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/bjir/article/view/7919.. Acesso em: 22 nov. 2024.
