After the U.S. hegemonic retreat: Russia's Foreign and Security Policy in the Middle East
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2018.v7n3.09.p645Palabras clave:
Russia, Foreign Policy, US Hegemonic Retreat, Middle East, Soft EurasianismResumen
In the last years, the Russian Federation has been in the global spotlight due to a series of assertive attitudes in his ‘near abroad’ and beyond. A central debate in the IR discipline and the regional studies on the Post-Soviet Space and the Middle East has been on the sources and nature of that ‘new’ regional and global policy. Russia used to have low profile in the Middle East during the Post-Cold War years, but the escalation in the Syria Civil War due to the imminent fall of the Al-Assad Regime provoked a critical juncture that pushed Russia to support military its ally. The article argues that Russia has recovered the great power status due to a military intervention in the Middle East which has been a spin-off of the U.S. hegemonic retreat after the failure of Iraq and the Obama’s decision not to act in Syria. At the same time, Russia also has operated with an acceptable degree of military efficacy on a regional order separate from its immediate zone of interest. The new involvement provides us a significant indicator of a status upgrade since the latent capabilities become actual with the projection of military strength overseas.
Recebido em: Agosto/2018.
Aprovado em: Outubro/2018.
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Referencias
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BAEV, Pavel. "Russia as Opportunist or Spoiler in the Middle East?" The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, v. 50, n. 2, 2015.
BAEV, Pavel. Russia’s policy in the Middle East imperiled by the Syrian intervention. In Policy Brief. Oslo: The Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
BARKEY, Henri. Putin and Erdogan’s Marriage of Convenience. Foreign Policy, 2017. Access on August 06, 2018.
BBC. “Russia warns US against strikes on Islamic State in Syria”. 2014. Access on August 06, 2018.
BLANK, Stephen. “Russian Strategy and Policy in the Middle East,” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, v. 8, n. 2, 2014.
CHARBONNEAU, Louis and HAFEZI, Parisa. 2015. “Iran backs six-month Syria 'transition' ahead of peace talks”. Reuters, Access on August 06, 2018.
CNN. “Putin calls for halt to Iraq war”. 2003.Access on August 06, 2018.
DANNREUTHER, Roland. "Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm?" Europe-Asia Studies, v. 64, n. 3, 2012
DELMAN, Edward. The Link Between Putin’s Military Campaigns in Syria and Ukraine. The Atlantic. Access on August 06, 2018.
DONALDSON, Robert, and NOGEE, Joseph. The foreign policy of Russia: changing systems, enduring interests. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2009.
DUGIN, Alexander. Last War of the World-Island: The Geopolitics of Contemporary Russia. London: Arktos, 2015.
FLANAGAN, Stephen. “The Turkey-Russia-Iran nexus: Eurasian power dynamics”, The Washington Quarterly, v. 36, n. 1, 2013.
GORST, Isabel. “Medvedev and Putin clash over Libya”, Financial Times. 2011. Access on August 06, 2018.
HALLIDAY, Fred. The Great Powers and the Middle East. Middle East Research, v.18, n. 2, 1988.
HERRMANN, Richard. "Russian Policy in the Middle East: Strategic Change and Tactical Contradictions." Middle East Journal, v. 48, n. 3, 1994.
HILL, Fiona and TASPINAR, Omer. “Turkey and Russia: axis of the excluded?” Survival, v. 48, n. 1, 2006.
IWASHITA, Akihiro. “Primakov Redux? Russia and the Strategic Triangles in Asia”, pp. 165–94 en Akihiro Iwashita, Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia, Sapporo: Slavic Eurasian Studies, 2007.
KALB, Marvin. Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine and the New Cold War. New York: Brookings Institution Press, 2015.
KATZ, Mark. Russia's Great Middle East Policy: Securing Economic Interests, Courting Islam Russie Nei Visions. Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales. 2010.
KUCHINS, Andrew and ZEVELEV, Igor. “Russia's Contested National Identity and Foreign Policy” en Henry Nau y Deepa Ollapally (eds), Worldviews of Aspiring Powers: Domestic Foreign Policy Debates in China, India, Iran, Japan and Russia, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
LARSON, Deborah and SHEVCHENKO, Alexander. “Status Seekers: Chinese and Russian Responses to US Primacy,” International Security v. 34, n. 4, 2010.
LIPMAN, Masha. Putin's Syrian Revenge. The New Yorker. 2015. Access on August 06, 2018.
LUCAS, Edward. The New Cold War: the future of Russia and the threat to the West. New York.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
LUKYANOV, Fyodor. "Putin's Foreign Policy: The Quest to Restore Russia's Rightful Place", Foreign Affairs, v. 95, n. 3, 2016.
MALASHENKO, Alexey. The Dynamics of Russian Islam. Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center, 2013.
MANKOFF, Jeffrey. Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2009
MARTEN, Kimberly. "Informal Political Networks and Putin's Foreign Policy: The Examples of. Iran and Syria." Problems of Post-Communism. v. 62, n. 1, 2015.
MCFAUL, Michael and STONER, Kathryn. "Who Lost Russia (This Time)? Vladimir Putin." The Washington Quarterly, v. 38, n. 2, 2015.
MEARSHEIMER, John. "Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault: The Liberal Delusions That. Provoked Putin." Foreign Affairs, v. 93, n. 5, 2014.
MINASYAN, Sergei. "The Syrian Gambit: The Risks and Prospects of Russia’s First Overseas Operation." Russia in Global Affairs n. 4, 2015.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 1993.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 2016. Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. Moscow. Access on August 06, 2018.
ORENSTEIN, Mitchell and ROMER, George. “Is Russia Just in Syria for the Pipelines.” Foreign Affairs, 2015. Access on August 06, 2018.
OSNOS, Evan; REMNICK, David y YAFFA, Joshua. 2017. “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War: What lay behind Russia's interference in elections”, New Yorker, Annals of Diplomacy. Access on August 06, 2018.
RUBINSTEIN, Alvin. "The Middle East in Russia’s Strategic Prism", en Carl Brown, Diplomacy in the Middle East : the international relations of regional and outside powers, pp. 75-93, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2004.
RUSSIA TODAY. “Moscow against UN resolution on Syria – Lavrov.” 2011. Access on August 06, 2018.
SAKWA, Richard. “Dualism at Home and Abroad: Russian Foreign Policy Neo-Revisionism and Bicontinentalism” en David Cadier y Margot Light (eds.), Russia's Foreign Policy: Ideas, Domestic Politics and External Relations, New York: Palgrave, 2015.
SAKWA, Richard. Russia and Turkey: Rethinking Europe to Contest Outsider Status. Russie Nei Visions. Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales. 2010.
SERGUNIN, Alexander. Explaining Russian Foreign Policy Behavior Theory and Practice, Stuttgart: ibidem Press, 2015.
SERGUNIN, Alexander and KARABESHKIN, Leonid. “Understanding Russia's Soft Power Strategy.” Politics, v. 35, n. 3-4, 2015.
SHUMILIN, Alexander. Russia's Diplomacy in the Middle East: Back to Geopolitics. Russie Nei Visions. Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 2016.
STEPANOVA, Ekaterina. "Russia in the Middle East: Back to a “Grand Strategy” – or Enforcing Multilateralism?" Politique Étrangère no. 2, 2016.
THE INDEPENDENT. “Diplomats shocked by Kozyrev ploy”. 1992. Access on August 06, 2018.
TOPYCHKANOV, Petr. Iranian and Russian Perspectives on the Global System, Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center, 2017.
TRENIN, Dmitri. Russia in the Middle East: Moscow's Objectives, Priorities, and Policy Drivers. In Task Force on U.S. Policy Toward Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2016.
TROTTA, Daniel. “Iraq war costs U.S. more than $2 trillion: study.” Reuters. 2013. Access on August 12, 2018.
TSYGANKOV, Andrei. Preserving influence in a changing world. Russia's Grand Strategy. Problems of Post-Communism, v. 58, n. 2, 2011.
TSYGANKOV, Andrei. Russia’s Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
YARLYKAPOV, Akhmet. Russian Islam and the situation in the Middle East. Valdai Papers. Moscow: Valdai Discussion Club, 2016.
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2018-11-12
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GONZÁLEZ LEVAGGI, Ariel. After the U.S. hegemonic retreat: Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy in the Middle East. Revista Brasileña de Relaciones Internacionales, Marília, SP, v. 7, n. 3, p. 645–666, 2018. DOI: 10.36311/2237-7743.2018.v7n3.09.p645. Disponível em: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/bjir/article/view/8366.. Acesso em: 22 nov. 2024.
