The liberal peace and its contesting universal values: a theoretical approach to the development of hybrid forms of political order in post conflict societies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n2.10.p427Palavras-chave:
liberal peace, universal peace values, hybrid peaceResumo
The Liberal Peace can be understood as a discourse and a framework which is constantly used by western countries in order to promote political stability in post-conflict societies. Embedded in the peacebuilding/peacekeeping operations, some liberal values are assumed to be the “only deal in town” to assist war-torn societies reaching political order. The present essay aims to analyze what are the theoretical principles embedded in the Liberal Peace assumptions and bring a critical approach which contests these universal values of implementing peace in transitioning societies. That being said, we can affirm that many values regarded as “universal” do not have much meaning to local societies in post-conflict states. The essay hence tries to look to an alternative perspective to build the peace in post-conflict societies: the hybrid peace. The Hybrid Peace assumption is an important approach which assumes that the local agency is a relevant actor on the promotion of peace in their respective communities, mainly in post-colonial states. Thus, the local actors have legitimacy and recognition of the society and can, therefore, promote and build peace along international interveners. The main objective of the present essay is to present a new approach to understand the peacebuilding projects and also recognize that different contexts need distinct approaches.
Recebido em: agosto/2018.
Aprovado em: abril/2019.
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Referências
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CHANDLER, David. The Responsibility to Protect? Imposing the ‘Liberal Peace’. International Peacekeeping, Vol.11, No.1, pp.59–81, 2004, DOI:10.1080/1353331042000228454
CANCLINI, Néstor G. Hybrid Cultures. Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity. University of Minnesota Press, 2005. Available in: < https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/hybrid-cultures> Access in: July, 2018
CHABAL, Patrick. Mozambique: Prospects for Stability. King’s College London. WtriteNet, etwork of Researchers and Writers on Human Rights, Forced Migration, Ethnic and Political Conflict , 2001
CHIKIN, Christine Chinkin. The Liberal Peace: Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding. Columbia University Libraries, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316759868.010
Cramer, C. Privatization and adjustment in Mozambique: A ‘hospital pass’? Journal of Southern African Studies, 27(1), 79–103, 2001
Honwana, A. Spiritual agency and self-renewal in Southern Mozambique . Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Anthropology. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, 1996
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MELLO, Patrick A. Democratic Peace Theory. The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives, 2016. Available in: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305207296_Democratic_Peace_Theory>Access in: June, 2018
MIKLIAN, Jason. The Past, Present and Future of the 'Liberal Peace'. Strategic Analysis, Vol. 38, No. 4, 493–507, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2014.918426, 2014
NAIDU, Sanusha. Mozambique: Prospects for a Lasting Peace? Working Paper 5. Working Paper Series, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Conflict Reasearch Unit, 2001
PARIS, Roland. Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism. International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp 54-89, 1997. Available in: < https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/isec.22.2.54> Access in: July, 2018
_________. International peacebuilding and the ‘mission civilisatrice’. Review of International Studies , British International Studies Association, 28, 637–656, 2002.
_________. At War’s End Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge University Press, 289 pp, 2004. Available in: < https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/at-wars-end/C1F5C2343469A41D5B612811484F2D9B> Access in: July, 2018
PARIS, Roland. SISK ,Timothy D. Managing Contradictions: The Inherent Dilemmas of Postwar Statebuilding. Research Partnership on Postwar Statebuilding, International Peace Academy, 2007. Available in: < https://www.ipinst.org/2007/11/managing-contradictions-the-inherent-dilemmas-of-postwar-statebuilding> Access in: June 2018
PUGH, Michael. Peacekeeping and critical theory. International Peacekeeping, 11:1, 39-58, DOI: 10.1080/1353331042000228445, 2004. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1353331042000228445> Access in: June, 2018
RICHMOND, Oliver P. UN peace operations and the dilemmas of the peacebuilding consensus. International Peacekeeping, 11:1, 83-101, DOI: 10.1080/1353331042000228403, Publisher: Routledge , 2004. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1353331042000228403> Access in: july, 2018
RICHMOND, Oliver P. The Transformation of Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, 286 pp. DOI 10.1007/978-0-230-50507-0, 2005. Available in: < https://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403921093> Access in: July, 2018
RICHMOND, Oliver P. The problem of peace: understanding the ‘liberal peace’. Conflict, Security & Development, 6:3, 291-314, DOI: 10.1080/14678800600933480, 2006. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14678800600933480> Access in: July, 2018
RICHMOND, Oliver P. MITCHELL, Audra. Introduction – Towards a Post-Liberal Peace: Exploring Hybridity via Everyday Forms of Resistance, Agency and Autonomy. In: Hybrid Forms of Peace. From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism. Palgrave Macmillan, DOI 10.1057/9780230354234, 2012. Available in: < https://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9780230282285> Access in: May, 2018
SELBY, Jan. The myth of liberal peace-building. Conflict, Security & Development, 13:1, 57-86, Conflict, Security & Development, Vol. 13, No. 1, 57–86, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2013.770259, 2013. Available in: < http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/43572/> acces in: May 2018
TAYLOR, Ian. What Fit for the Liberal Peace in Africa? Global Society, 21:4, 553-566, DOI: 10.1080/13600820701562785, 2007. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600820701562785> Access in: june, 2018
TOM, Patrick. Liberal Peace and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Africa. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-57291-2. Available in: < https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137572905> Access in: may 2018
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BROWN, Anne. Gusmao, Alex. Looking for the Owner of the House – Who Is Making Peace in Rural East Timor? In: Hybrid Forms of Peace. From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism. Palgrave macmillam, 2012, DOI 10.1057/9780230354234
BJÖRKDAHL, Annika. HÖGLUND, Kristine. Precarious peacebuilding: friction in global–local encounters. Peacebuilding, Vol. 1, No. 3, 289–299,2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2013.813170
CHANDLER, David. The Responsibility to Protect? Imposing the ‘Liberal Peace’. International Peacekeeping, Vol.11, No.1, pp.59–81, 2004, DOI:10.1080/1353331042000228454
CANCLINI, Néstor G. Hybrid Cultures. Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity. University of Minnesota Press, 2005. Available in: < https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/hybrid-cultures> Access in: July, 2018
CHABAL, Patrick. Mozambique: Prospects for Stability. King’s College London. WtriteNet, etwork of Researchers and Writers on Human Rights, Forced Migration, Ethnic and Political Conflict , 2001
CHIKIN, Christine Chinkin. The Liberal Peace: Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding. Columbia University Libraries, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316759868.010
Cramer, C. Privatization and adjustment in Mozambique: A ‘hospital pass’? Journal of Southern African Studies, 27(1), 79–103, 2001
Honwana, A. Spiritual agency and self-renewal in Southern Mozambique . Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Anthropology. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, 1996
HOWARD, Michael. The Invention of Peace. Reflections on War and International Order. Yale University Press, 2001. Available in: < https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300088663/invention-peace> Access in: June, 2018
JANTZY, Terence L. Jantzi, Vernon E. Development Paradigms and Peacebuilding Theories of Change: Analysing Embedded Assumptions in Development and Peacebuilding. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 5:1, 65-80, Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15423166.2009.128586577324> Access in: june, 2018
LINTON, Suzannah. Cambodia, East Timor and Sierra Leone: Experiments In International Justice. Criminal Law Forum 12: 185–246, 2001.
LUDIN, Iraê B. The peace process and the construction of reconciliation post conflict – the experience of Mozambique. Presented in Barcelona under the International Seminar “Experiences of Penal Alternatives in Peace Processes” , Barcelona, 2004
MAC GINTY, Roger. RICHMOND, Oliver P. Myth or Reality: Opposing Views on the Liberal Peace and Post-war Reconstruction. Global Society, 21:4, 491-497, DOI: 10.1080/13600820701562710, 2007. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600820701562710> Access in: May, 2018
MAC GINTY, Roger. Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace. School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, UK, SAGE Publications, 2010. Available in: < http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0967010610374312?journalCode=sdib> Access in: June, 2018
_________. International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance Hybrid Forms of Peace. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Available in: < https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780230273764> Access in: june, 2018
MAC GINTY, Roger. RICHMOND, Oliver P. The Local Turn in Peace Building: a critical agenda for peace. Third World Quarterly, 34:5, 763-783, 2013. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2013.800750> Access in: June, 2018
MASCHIETTO, Roberta H. Beyond Peacebuilding :The Challenges of Empowerment Promotion in Mozambique. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Library of Congress Control Number, pp. 297, 2016
MELLO, Patrick A. Democratic Peace Theory. The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives, 2016. Available in: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305207296_Democratic_Peace_Theory>Access in: June, 2018
MIKLIAN, Jason. The Past, Present and Future of the 'Liberal Peace'. Strategic Analysis, Vol. 38, No. 4, 493–507, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2014.918426, 2014
NAIDU, Sanusha. Mozambique: Prospects for a Lasting Peace? Working Paper 5. Working Paper Series, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Conflict Reasearch Unit, 2001
PARIS, Roland. Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism. International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp 54-89, 1997. Available in: < https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/isec.22.2.54> Access in: July, 2018
_________. International peacebuilding and the ‘mission civilisatrice’. Review of International Studies , British International Studies Association, 28, 637–656, 2002.
_________. At War’s End Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge University Press, 289 pp, 2004. Available in: < https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/at-wars-end/C1F5C2343469A41D5B612811484F2D9B> Access in: July, 2018
PARIS, Roland. SISK ,Timothy D. Managing Contradictions: The Inherent Dilemmas of Postwar Statebuilding. Research Partnership on Postwar Statebuilding, International Peace Academy, 2007. Available in: < https://www.ipinst.org/2007/11/managing-contradictions-the-inherent-dilemmas-of-postwar-statebuilding> Access in: June 2018
PUGH, Michael. Peacekeeping and critical theory. International Peacekeeping, 11:1, 39-58, DOI: 10.1080/1353331042000228445, 2004. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1353331042000228445> Access in: June, 2018
RICHMOND, Oliver P. UN peace operations and the dilemmas of the peacebuilding consensus. International Peacekeeping, 11:1, 83-101, DOI: 10.1080/1353331042000228403, Publisher: Routledge , 2004. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1353331042000228403> Access in: july, 2018
RICHMOND, Oliver P. The Transformation of Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, 286 pp. DOI 10.1007/978-0-230-50507-0, 2005. Available in: < https://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403921093> Access in: July, 2018
RICHMOND, Oliver P. The problem of peace: understanding the ‘liberal peace’. Conflict, Security & Development, 6:3, 291-314, DOI: 10.1080/14678800600933480, 2006. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14678800600933480> Access in: July, 2018
RICHMOND, Oliver P. MITCHELL, Audra. Introduction – Towards a Post-Liberal Peace: Exploring Hybridity via Everyday Forms of Resistance, Agency and Autonomy. In: Hybrid Forms of Peace. From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism. Palgrave Macmillan, DOI 10.1057/9780230354234, 2012. Available in: < https://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9780230282285> Access in: May, 2018
SELBY, Jan. The myth of liberal peace-building. Conflict, Security & Development, 13:1, 57-86, Conflict, Security & Development, Vol. 13, No. 1, 57–86, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2013.770259, 2013. Available in: < http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/43572/> acces in: May 2018
TAYLOR, Ian. What Fit for the Liberal Peace in Africa? Global Society, 21:4, 553-566, DOI: 10.1080/13600820701562785, 2007. Available in: < https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600820701562785> Access in: june, 2018
TOM, Patrick. Liberal Peace and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Africa. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-57291-2. Available in: < https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137572905> Access in: may 2018
UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS. An Agenda for Peace. Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping - A/47/277 S/24111. UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements. Available in: <http://www.un-documents.net/a47-277.html>. Access in: april, 2018
UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN MOZAMBIQUE (UNOMOZ), Department of Public Information, United Nations, September 1996.Available on: < <http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/onumoz_b.htm>
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2019-08-28
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PEREIRA, M. M. The liberal peace and its contesting universal values: a theoretical approach to the development of hybrid forms of political order in post conflict societies. Brazilian Journal of International Relations, Marília, SP, v. 8, n. 2, p. 427–453, 2019. DOI: 10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n2.10.p427. Disponível em: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/bjir/article/view/9208. Acesso em: 23 abr. 2024.
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