Como compreender e estudar a decisão em política externa: reinterpretando os clássicos
How to understand and study the decision in foreign policy: reinterpreting the classics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2017.v6n1.03.p8Palavras-chave:
Análise da Política ExternaResumo
Este artigo apresenta os principais argumentos epistemológicos e metodológicos que estão na origem da afirmação do sub-field da Análise da Política Externa (APE). Traça uma breve panorâmica do desenvolvimento da APE e propõe um quadro analítico eclético para uma melhor compreensão da decisão em política externa. O artigo tem quatro objetivos principais. Em primeiro lugar, procura identificar quais são os elementos teórico-analíticos básicos para compreendermos a política externa dos Estados. Em segundo lugar, desenvolve uma discussão sobre qual a melhor forma de utilizar as abordagens teóricas para a investigação e realização de trabalhos científicos sobre a política externa dos Estados. Em terceiro lugar, apresenta um modelo geral da APE baseado em três fatores fundamentais: os fatores internos, os fatores internacionais e os fatores ideológicos e preceptivos. Finalmente, pretende contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma maior cultura científica sobre as abordagens da APE e estimular o debate relativo à acumulação de conhecimento teórico-metodológico sobre como contar melhores histórias sobre o comportamento internacional dos Estados.
Palavras-chave: Análise da Política Externa (APE); Decisão; Fatores ideacionais; Adaptação; Modelos da APE.
Abstract: This article presents the main epistemological and methodological arguments that are at the origin of the affirmation of the Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA). It gives a brief overview of the development of the FPA and proposes an eclectic analytical framework for a better understanding of foreign policy decisions. The article has four main objectives. Firstly, it seeks to identify the basic theoretical-analytical elements for understanding the foreign policy of States. Second, it develops a discussion on the best way to use the theoretical approaches for doing research and scientific works about foreign policy. Third, it presents a general model of FPA based on three fundamental factors: internal factors, international factors, and ideological and perceptual factors. Finally, it intends to contribute for the development of a greater scientific culture on the APE approaches and stimulate the debate regarding the accumulation of theoretical and methodological knowledge on how to tell better stories about the international behaviour of States.
Key-Words: Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA); Decision; Ideational factors; Adaptation; Models of FPA.
Recebido em: janeiro/2017;
Aprovado em: abr/2017.
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Referências
ALLISON, Graham, T. (1969) “Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Graham T. Allison”. The American Political Science Review. V. 63, nº 3, pp. 689-718.
ALLISON, Graham, T. (1971). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.
ALMOND, Gabriel (1950). The American People and Foreign Policy. New York: Arcourt Brace.
BENDOR, Jonathan; HAMOND, Thomas H. (1992). “Rethinking Allison’s Models”. American Political Science Review, vol. 86, nº 2, pp. 301-322. BERNSTEIN, Barton, J. (2000). “Understanding Decision-making, U.S. Foreign Policy, and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Review Essay”. International Security, vol. 25, nº1, pp. 134-164.
BOULDING, Kenneth, E. (1969). “National Images and International Systems” in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press, pp. 422-431.
BRAYBROOKE, David; LINBLOM, Charles E. (1969). Types of Decision-Making in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press, p. 207- 2016.
CARLSNAES, Walter (1992). “The Agency-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis”. International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 245-270.
CARLSNAES, Walter (2012). “Actors, structures, and foreign policy analysis”. In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 113-129.
CARLSNAES, Walter (2013). “Foreign Policy.” In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth A. Simmons, eds., Handbook of International Relations. 2nd edn. London: Sage, pp. 298-325.
DUROSELLE, Jean-Baptiste (1992). Tout Empire Périra. Paris: Armand Colin.
EASTON, David (1967). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. (2. Ed.) New York: Prentice-Hall.
HERMANN, M. (1980) “Explaining foreign policy behaviour using the personal characteristics of political leaders”. International Studies Quarterly. V. 24, nº7, pp.7–46.
HERMANN, M.; T. PRESTON, B.; KORANY; T SHAW (2001) “Who leads matters: the effect of powerful individuals”. International Studies Review. V. 3, nº2 pp.83–132.
HERZ, Mônica. (1994). “Análise Cognitiva e Política Externa”. Contexto Internacional. Vol. 16, nº 1 , pp. 75-90.
HERZE, John H. (1959). International Politics in the Atomic Age. New York: Columbia University Press.
HILL, Christopher. (2016) Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century. London: Palgrave.
HILSMAN, Roger (1987). The Politics of Policy Making in Defense and Foreign Affairs: Conceptual Models and Bureaucratic Politics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
HOLLIS, Martin; SMITH, Steve (1991). Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
HOLSTI, Hole (1969). “The Belief System and National Images: A Case Study” in ROSENNAU, J. (ed), International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press, pp. 543-550.
HOLSTI, K. J. (1992). International Politics: A Framework for Analysis. (Sixth edition) New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
HUDSON, Valerie M. (2005), “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations”. Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol.1, No.1, pp.1-30.
HUDSON, Valerie M. (2013). Foreign policy analysis: classic and contemporary theory. 2nd. Ed. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
JARVIS, Robert (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
JONES, R. E. (1970). The Changing Structure of British Foreign Policy. London: Longman.
JONES, R. E. (1970b.) Analysing Foreign Policy: An Introduction to Some Conceptual Problems. London, Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1970.
KAARBO (2015). “A Foreign Policy Analysis Perspective on the Domestic Politics Turn in IR Theory”. International Studies Review. Vol. 17, pp. 189–216.
KEOHANE, Robert; NYE, Joseph, (1972). Transnacional Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
KISSINGER, Henry (1969). “Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy” in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press, pp. 261-275.
KOZAK, David C.; Keagle, James M. (eds.) (1988). Bureaucratic Politics and National Security: Theory and Practice. Londres: Lynne Rienner.
KUBALKOVA, Vendulka (2001). Foreign Policy, International Politics, and Constructivism. In Foreign Policy in a Constructed World, ed. by Vendulka Kubalkova. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
LEVY Jack S. (1994). “Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a Conceptual Minefield.” International Organization. V. 48, pp. 279-312.
LIMA, Maria Regina Soares de (2013). “Relac?o?es Internacionais e poli?ticas pu?blicas: a contribuic?a?o da ana?lise de poli?tica externa”, in: E. Marques e C. A. Pimenta de Faria (orgs.), A Poli?tica Pu?blica como Campo Multidisciplinar. Sa?o Paulo: Editora Unesp; Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, pp. 127-153.
LINDBLOM, Charles, E. (1959). “The Science of Muddling Trough”. Public Administration Review.Vol. 19, pp. 27-51.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2004). “A dimensão internacional da transição democrática em Portugal: a influência da Europa”. População e Sociedade, nº11, pp. 171-192.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2007). “A Raiz e o Fruto na Análise da Política Externa dos Estados: uma Perspectiva Eclética”. Relações Internacionais, nº16, pp. 129-144.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2012a). Portugal e a Europa: Factores de Afastamento e Aproximação da Política Externa Portuguesa (1970-1978). Porto: CEPESE.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2012b). “A (re) invenção das Relações Internacionais na viragem do século: o desafio do construtivismo”. Relações Internacionais, nº 36, pp. 105-118.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2013). “A Questão Europeia no Marcelismo: o Debate Geracional”. População e Sociedade, nº21, pp.107- 121.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2014). “As Relações Internacionais como Ciência Social: dialética entre História e Teoria”. In Fernando Sousa; Pedro Mendes, Dicionário das Relações Internacionais. Porto: Afrontamento.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2016a). “Identidade e Poder na Política Externa da Indonésia: de Sukarno a Suharto”. Relações Internacionais, nº 52, pp. 67-82.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2016). “Mudança, Contexto e Liderança na política externa dos EUA: de Bush a Obama”. População e Sociedade, nº26, pp. 170-187.
Mendes, Pedro Emanuel (2017a). O Poder e as Ideias na política externa do Portugal democrático. Porto: Afrontamento.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2017b). “Teoria das Relações Internacionais no Pós-Guerra Fria: importância, progressos e debates”. In Sousa Lara; Jamile B. Mata Diz, Paz & Guerra. Lisboa: ISCSP-UL; UFMG.
MERLE, Marcel (1984). La Politique Étrangère. Paris: PUF, pp. 149-195.
MERLE, Marcel (1985). “Politique intérieure et politique extérieure”, in Forces et Enjeux dans les Relations Internationales. (2ª ed.). Paris: Economica, pp. 161-173.
MINTZ, A. (ed.) (2003) Integrating cognitive and rational theories of foreign policy
making: the polyheuristic theory of decision. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
MINTZ, A. (2004). “How do leaders make decisions? A poliheuristic perspective”, Journal of Conflict Resolution. V. 48, nº1, pp. 3-13.
MINTZ, A.; Derouen, K. (2010). Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
MORSE, E. L. (1989). “The Transformation of Foreign Policies: Modernization, interdependence and externalization”, in SMITH, Michael; LITTLE, Richard (eds.) – Perspectives on World Politics. London: Routledge, pp. 146-157.
OLIVEIRA, Marcelo Fernandes de. (2003). Mercosul: atores políticos e grupos de interesses brasileiros. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
PAIGE, Glen, D. (1968). The Korean Decision. New York, The Free Press.
PUTNAM, Robert. (1998). “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”. International Organization. V. 43, nº 3, pp. 427–460.
ROSENNAU, James (1967). Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy. New York: Free Press.
ROSENAU, James ed. (1969 a). International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press.
ROSENAU, James (1969b). Linkage Politics. New York: Free Press.
ROSENAU, James (1980). The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy. Revised and Enlarged edition. New York: Nichols Publishing.
ROSENAU, James (1997). Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ROSENAU, James ed. (1974). Comparing Foreign Policies: Theories, Findings and Methods. New York: SAGE Publications.
ROSENCRANCE, Richard (1963). Action and Reaction in World Politics. Boston: Little Brown.
SALOMON, Mónica; PINHEIRO, Letícia. (2013). “Análise de Política Externa e Política Externa Brasileira: trajetória, desafios e possibilidades de um campo de estudos”. Rev. bras. polít. int., v. 56, nº 1, pp. 40-59.
SILVA, Alexandra de Mello e (1998). “Ideias e política externa: a atuação brasileira na Liga das Nações e na ONU”. Rev. bras. polít. int., v. 41, nº 2, pp.139-158.
SIMON, Herbert, A. (1958). Administration Behavior. New York: Macmillan.
SMITH, Steve; HADFIELD, Amelia; DUNNE, Tim eds. (2013). Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
SMITH, Steven (1980). “Allison and The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Review of The Bureaucratic Politics Model of Foreign Policy Decision-making”. Millennium. Vol. 9, nº 1, pp. 21-40.
SMITH, Steven (1988). “Belief Systems and the Study of International Relations” in LITTLE, Richard; SMITH, Steven (eds.) – Belief Systems and International Relations. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 11-36.
SNYDER, Glenn H.; DIESING, Paul (1977). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision-Making and System Structure in International Crisis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
SNYDER, R. C.; BRUCK, H. W.; SAPIN, B. (1954) “Decision-making as an approach to the study of international politics”, in Foreign Policy Analysis Project Series, No. 3, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
SNYDER, R. C.; BRUCK, H. W.; SAPIN, B. (1962.) – Foreign Policy Decision-making: An Approach to the Study of International Politics. New York: Free Press.
SPROUT, Harold e Margaret (1969). “Environmental factors in The Study of International Politics”, in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press. pp. 48-49.
STUART, Douglas T. (2008). “Foreign-Policy Decision-Making”, in: C. Reus-Smit e D. Snidal (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 576-593.
TEIXEIRA, Nuno Severiano (1996). O Poder e a Guerra 1914-1918: Objectivos nacionais e Estratégias Políticas na Entrada de Portugal na Grande Guerra. Lisboa: Editorial Estampa.
VERBA, Sidney (1969). “Assumptions of Rationality and Non Rationality in Models of International System” in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press. pp. 217-231.
VERTZEBERGER, Yaacov Y. I. (1990). The World in their Minds: Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign policy Decision-making. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
WALACE, William (1977). The Foreign Policy Process in Britain. London: Allen & Unwin.
WENDT, Alexander (1999). The Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ALLISON, Graham, T. (1971). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.
ALMOND, Gabriel (1950). The American People and Foreign Policy. New York: Arcourt Brace.
BENDOR, Jonathan; HAMOND, Thomas H. (1992). “Rethinking Allison’s Models”. American Political Science Review, vol. 86, nº 2, pp. 301-322. BERNSTEIN, Barton, J. (2000). “Understanding Decision-making, U.S. Foreign Policy, and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Review Essay”. International Security, vol. 25, nº1, pp. 134-164.
BOULDING, Kenneth, E. (1969). “National Images and International Systems” in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press, pp. 422-431.
BRAYBROOKE, David; LINBLOM, Charles E. (1969). Types of Decision-Making in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press, p. 207- 2016.
CARLSNAES, Walter (1992). “The Agency-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis”. International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 245-270.
CARLSNAES, Walter (2012). “Actors, structures, and foreign policy analysis”. In Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 113-129.
CARLSNAES, Walter (2013). “Foreign Policy.” In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth A. Simmons, eds., Handbook of International Relations. 2nd edn. London: Sage, pp. 298-325.
DUROSELLE, Jean-Baptiste (1992). Tout Empire Périra. Paris: Armand Colin.
EASTON, David (1967). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. (2. Ed.) New York: Prentice-Hall.
HERMANN, M. (1980) “Explaining foreign policy behaviour using the personal characteristics of political leaders”. International Studies Quarterly. V. 24, nº7, pp.7–46.
HERMANN, M.; T. PRESTON, B.; KORANY; T SHAW (2001) “Who leads matters: the effect of powerful individuals”. International Studies Review. V. 3, nº2 pp.83–132.
HERZ, Mônica. (1994). “Análise Cognitiva e Política Externa”. Contexto Internacional. Vol. 16, nº 1 , pp. 75-90.
HERZE, John H. (1959). International Politics in the Atomic Age. New York: Columbia University Press.
HILL, Christopher. (2016) Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century. London: Palgrave.
HILSMAN, Roger (1987). The Politics of Policy Making in Defense and Foreign Affairs: Conceptual Models and Bureaucratic Politics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
HOLLIS, Martin; SMITH, Steve (1991). Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
HOLSTI, Hole (1969). “The Belief System and National Images: A Case Study” in ROSENNAU, J. (ed), International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press, pp. 543-550.
HOLSTI, K. J. (1992). International Politics: A Framework for Analysis. (Sixth edition) New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
HUDSON, Valerie M. (2005), “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations”. Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol.1, No.1, pp.1-30.
HUDSON, Valerie M. (2013). Foreign policy analysis: classic and contemporary theory. 2nd. Ed. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
JARVIS, Robert (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
JONES, R. E. (1970). The Changing Structure of British Foreign Policy. London: Longman.
JONES, R. E. (1970b.) Analysing Foreign Policy: An Introduction to Some Conceptual Problems. London, Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1970.
KAARBO (2015). “A Foreign Policy Analysis Perspective on the Domestic Politics Turn in IR Theory”. International Studies Review. Vol. 17, pp. 189–216.
KEOHANE, Robert; NYE, Joseph, (1972). Transnacional Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
KISSINGER, Henry (1969). “Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy” in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press, pp. 261-275.
KOZAK, David C.; Keagle, James M. (eds.) (1988). Bureaucratic Politics and National Security: Theory and Practice. Londres: Lynne Rienner.
KUBALKOVA, Vendulka (2001). Foreign Policy, International Politics, and Constructivism. In Foreign Policy in a Constructed World, ed. by Vendulka Kubalkova. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
LEVY Jack S. (1994). “Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a Conceptual Minefield.” International Organization. V. 48, pp. 279-312.
LIMA, Maria Regina Soares de (2013). “Relac?o?es Internacionais e poli?ticas pu?blicas: a contribuic?a?o da ana?lise de poli?tica externa”, in: E. Marques e C. A. Pimenta de Faria (orgs.), A Poli?tica Pu?blica como Campo Multidisciplinar. Sa?o Paulo: Editora Unesp; Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, pp. 127-153.
LINDBLOM, Charles, E. (1959). “The Science of Muddling Trough”. Public Administration Review.Vol. 19, pp. 27-51.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2004). “A dimensão internacional da transição democrática em Portugal: a influência da Europa”. População e Sociedade, nº11, pp. 171-192.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2007). “A Raiz e o Fruto na Análise da Política Externa dos Estados: uma Perspectiva Eclética”. Relações Internacionais, nº16, pp. 129-144.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2012a). Portugal e a Europa: Factores de Afastamento e Aproximação da Política Externa Portuguesa (1970-1978). Porto: CEPESE.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2012b). “A (re) invenção das Relações Internacionais na viragem do século: o desafio do construtivismo”. Relações Internacionais, nº 36, pp. 105-118.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2013). “A Questão Europeia no Marcelismo: o Debate Geracional”. População e Sociedade, nº21, pp.107- 121.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2014). “As Relações Internacionais como Ciência Social: dialética entre História e Teoria”. In Fernando Sousa; Pedro Mendes, Dicionário das Relações Internacionais. Porto: Afrontamento.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2016a). “Identidade e Poder na Política Externa da Indonésia: de Sukarno a Suharto”. Relações Internacionais, nº 52, pp. 67-82.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2016). “Mudança, Contexto e Liderança na política externa dos EUA: de Bush a Obama”. População e Sociedade, nº26, pp. 170-187.
Mendes, Pedro Emanuel (2017a). O Poder e as Ideias na política externa do Portugal democrático. Porto: Afrontamento.
MENDES, Pedro Emanuel (2017b). “Teoria das Relações Internacionais no Pós-Guerra Fria: importância, progressos e debates”. In Sousa Lara; Jamile B. Mata Diz, Paz & Guerra. Lisboa: ISCSP-UL; UFMG.
MERLE, Marcel (1984). La Politique Étrangère. Paris: PUF, pp. 149-195.
MERLE, Marcel (1985). “Politique intérieure et politique extérieure”, in Forces et Enjeux dans les Relations Internationales. (2ª ed.). Paris: Economica, pp. 161-173.
MINTZ, A. (ed.) (2003) Integrating cognitive and rational theories of foreign policy
making: the polyheuristic theory of decision. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
MINTZ, A. (2004). “How do leaders make decisions? A poliheuristic perspective”, Journal of Conflict Resolution. V. 48, nº1, pp. 3-13.
MINTZ, A.; Derouen, K. (2010). Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
MORSE, E. L. (1989). “The Transformation of Foreign Policies: Modernization, interdependence and externalization”, in SMITH, Michael; LITTLE, Richard (eds.) – Perspectives on World Politics. London: Routledge, pp. 146-157.
OLIVEIRA, Marcelo Fernandes de. (2003). Mercosul: atores políticos e grupos de interesses brasileiros. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
PAIGE, Glen, D. (1968). The Korean Decision. New York, The Free Press.
PUTNAM, Robert. (1998). “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”. International Organization. V. 43, nº 3, pp. 427–460.
ROSENNAU, James (1967). Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy. New York: Free Press.
ROSENAU, James ed. (1969 a). International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press.
ROSENAU, James (1969b). Linkage Politics. New York: Free Press.
ROSENAU, James (1980). The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy. Revised and Enlarged edition. New York: Nichols Publishing.
ROSENAU, James (1997). Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ROSENAU, James ed. (1974). Comparing Foreign Policies: Theories, Findings and Methods. New York: SAGE Publications.
ROSENCRANCE, Richard (1963). Action and Reaction in World Politics. Boston: Little Brown.
SALOMON, Mónica; PINHEIRO, Letícia. (2013). “Análise de Política Externa e Política Externa Brasileira: trajetória, desafios e possibilidades de um campo de estudos”. Rev. bras. polít. int., v. 56, nº 1, pp. 40-59.
SILVA, Alexandra de Mello e (1998). “Ideias e política externa: a atuação brasileira na Liga das Nações e na ONU”. Rev. bras. polít. int., v. 41, nº 2, pp.139-158.
SIMON, Herbert, A. (1958). Administration Behavior. New York: Macmillan.
SMITH, Steve; HADFIELD, Amelia; DUNNE, Tim eds. (2013). Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
SMITH, Steven (1980). “Allison and The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Review of The Bureaucratic Politics Model of Foreign Policy Decision-making”. Millennium. Vol. 9, nº 1, pp. 21-40.
SMITH, Steven (1988). “Belief Systems and the Study of International Relations” in LITTLE, Richard; SMITH, Steven (eds.) – Belief Systems and International Relations. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 11-36.
SNYDER, Glenn H.; DIESING, Paul (1977). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision-Making and System Structure in International Crisis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
SNYDER, R. C.; BRUCK, H. W.; SAPIN, B. (1954) “Decision-making as an approach to the study of international politics”, in Foreign Policy Analysis Project Series, No. 3, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
SNYDER, R. C.; BRUCK, H. W.; SAPIN, B. (1962.) – Foreign Policy Decision-making: An Approach to the Study of International Politics. New York: Free Press.
SPROUT, Harold e Margaret (1969). “Environmental factors in The Study of International Politics”, in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press. pp. 48-49.
STUART, Douglas T. (2008). “Foreign-Policy Decision-Making”, in: C. Reus-Smit e D. Snidal (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 576-593.
TEIXEIRA, Nuno Severiano (1996). O Poder e a Guerra 1914-1918: Objectivos nacionais e Estratégias Políticas na Entrada de Portugal na Grande Guerra. Lisboa: Editorial Estampa.
VERBA, Sidney (1969). “Assumptions of Rationality and Non Rationality in Models of International System” in ROSENNAU, James (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy: a reader in research and theory. New York: Free Press. pp. 217-231.
VERTZEBERGER, Yaacov Y. I. (1990). The World in their Minds: Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign policy Decision-making. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
WALACE, William (1977). The Foreign Policy Process in Britain. London: Allen & Unwin.
WENDT, Alexander (1999). The Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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2017-05-22
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MENDES, Pedro Emanuel. Como compreender e estudar a decisão em política externa: reinterpretando os clássicos: How to understand and study the decision in foreign policy: reinterpreting the classics. Brazilian Journal of International Relations, Marília, SP, v. 6, n. 1, p. 08–36, 2017. DOI: 10.36311/2237-7743.2017.v6n1.03.p8. Disponível em: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/bjir/article/view/6563.. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.
