Emerging Trends in China’s Foreign Policy: Opportunities and Challenges Ahead

Autores

  • Renu Rana Fudan University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2020.v9n1.06.p72

Palavras-chave:

China's foreign policy, challenges, opportunities, leadership, 2008 global crisis, core interests

Resumo

There is confluence of views over the rise of China as a global leader in world economy and politics. Having said that, one needs to also understand that the recent years have been challenging for the Chinese state. The challenges did not only emerge from within but also from the external uncertainties. The challenges ahead of China are ever rising and these are shaping up Chinese state’s perception on range of global issues. The paper focuses on these challenges which threatened China’s growth and diplomatic projections and how the Chinese leadership had to engage in addressing insecurities and forge pathways for the future. In this context, the paper examines the new trends in China’s foreign policy since 2008 global financial crisis and how these trends shaped some of the major policies pertained to world politics. The paper also attempts to sketch the pattern in China’s external behaviors which was directly correlated with its domestic growth and national interests.

 

 

Recebido em: agosto/2019

Aprovado em: janeiro/2020

Downloads

Os dados de download ainda não estão disponíveis.

Biografia do Autor

  • Renu Rana, Fudan University

    PhD Student (International Politics) at School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University, Shanghai

Referências

Austin, Greg. 2013. “China’s Power: Searching for Stable Domestic Foundations.” in Yongjin Zhang and Greg Austin. eds. Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy, ANU Press.
Batra, Narain. 2014. “India needs more than BRICS.” 1 August, The Diplomat, http:// thediplomat.com/2014/08/india-needs-more-than-brics/
Belt and Road Portal. 2017. “Education Action Plan for the Belt and Road Initiative,” Issued by Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China in July 2016, https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/zchj/qwfb/30277.htm
Bergsten, Fred C. et al. 2008. China’s Rise. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics
Brookings. 2018. “Report: Global manufacturing scorecard: How the US compares to 18 other nations.” 10 July, https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-manufacturing-scorecard-how-the-us-compares-to-18-other-nations/
Callahan, W.A. 2005. “How to understand China: The Dangers and Opportunities of Being a Rising Power.” Review of International Studies, Vol. 31, pp. 701–714.
Cao, Desheng. 2018. “Xi’s discourse on mankind’s shared future published.” China Daily, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201810/15/WS5bc38adca310eff303282392.html
Chatzky Andrew and James Mcbride. 2019. “China’s massive Belt and Road Initiative. Council on Foreign Relations, 21 May, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative
Chen Xuefei. 2009. “Challenges and Opportunities of Chinese Foreign and Security Policies.” 12 May, People’s Daily
China Daily. 2008. “NDRC reveals details of stimulus package.” 27 November, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2008-11/27/content_7246758.htm
China Daily. 2016. “Xi calls for reforms on global governance.” 29 September, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-09/29/content_26931697.htm
China Daily. 2019. “China Exim Bank's B&R loans surpasses 1t yuan.” 22 April, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201904/22/WS5cbd71e0a3104842260b7919.html
China Daily. 2019a. “China policy bank provides financing worth $190b for B&R projects.” 28 March, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201903/28/WS5c9c5bd4a3104842260b3143.html
China Daily. 2017. “Full text of Xi Jinping’s report at 19th CPC National Congress-October 18, 2017.” 04 November
China Daily. 2017a. “China’s R&D spending set to pass US level by 2020.” 02 November, https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/49/53/120/1509632867220.html
China Daily. 2017b. “China to invest big in ‘Made in China 2015’ strategy.” 10 October, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-10/12/content_33163772.htm
Clover, Charles. 2017. “Xi Jinping signals departure from low-profile policy.” Financial Times, 20 October, https://www.ft.com/content/05cd86a6-b552-11e7-a398-73d59db9e399
Consulate General of the People’s Republic of China in New York. 2014. “Full Text of Foreign Minister Wang Yi’s Speech on China’s Diplomacy in 2014.” 27 December, http://newyork.china-consulate.org/eng/xw/t1223262.htm
Council on Foreign Relations. 2019. “China-Taiwan Relations.” 27 June, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations
Council on Foreign Relations. 2019b. “Is ‘Made in China 2025’ a Threat to Global Trade?” 13 May, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/made-china-2025-threat-global-trade
Council on Foreign Relations. 2019c. “China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative.” 21 May, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative
Economic Times. 2019. “China, India should not allow any individual case to disrupt bilateral ties: Envoy.” 20 July, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-india-should-not-allow-any-individual-case-to-disrupt-bilateral-ties-envoy/articleshow/70303830.cms
EIA (Energy Information Administration). 2006. “China Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis-Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal.” http: //www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/ China/pdf.pdf
Johnson, Keith. 2019. “The Global Economy 2020: A Positive Outlook shadowed by China, Debt and Trade Tensions.” Foreign Policy, 31 December, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/31/global-economy-2020-outlook-positive-china-debt-trade-growth/

Gao Shuqin. 2014. “Understanding new direction of China’s Foreign Policy in the era of Xi: Challenges and Opportunities.” 29 April, University of Nottingham, Ningbo China
Goldstein, A. 2001. “The Diplomatic Face of China’s Grand Strategy: A Rising Power’s Emerging Choice.” The China Quarterly, No. 168, pp. 835-864.
Gottwald, Jorn-Carsten and Naill Duggan. 2011. “Expectations and Adaptation: China’s Foreign Policies in a Changing Global Environment.” International Journal of China Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-26
Government of China. 2018. “Full Text: China and the World Trade Organization.” The State Council, 28 June, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/06/28/content_281476201898696.htm
Government of China. 2014. “Foreign Minister Wang Yi Meets the Press.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 08 March, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1135385.shtml
Government of India. 2018. “India-China Informal Summit at Wuhan.” Ministry of External Affairs, 28 April, https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29853/IndiaChina_Informal_Summit_at_Wuhan
Kulacki, Gregory (2017), “China’s Changing Foreign Policy.” Union of Concerned Scientists, http://allthingsnuclear.org/gkulacki/chinas-changing-foreign-policy
Greer, Tanner. 2018. “One Belt, One Road, One Big Mistake.” Foreign Policy, 6 December, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/06/bri-china-belt-road-initiative-blunder/
Gu Jing. 2015. “China’s New Silk Road to Development Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges.” November, United Nations University UNU-CPR
Haenle, Paul et.al. 2013. “China’s Foreign Policy Challenges.” Carnegie-Tsinghua Centre for Global Policy, 6 March
IMF. 2019. “People’s Republic of China.” IMF Country Report No. 19/274, August
Jakobson, Linda. 2013. “China’s Foreign Policy Dilemma.” 5 February, Lowy Institute for International Policy
Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2013. “How New and Assertive Is China’s New Assertiveness?” International Security, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 7-48.
Johnston, Alastair Iain and Robert S. Ross. eds. 2006. New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006, Chapters 1, 8, 9, 10 and 13.
Jonquières, Guy De. 2017. “Expansion Abroad, Mounting Challenges at Home.” LSE IDEAS Special Report on From Deng to Xi: Economic Reform, the Silk Road, and the Return of the Middle Kingdom, pp. 26-29, http://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/reports/LSE-IDEAS-From-Deng-to-Xi.pdf
Kelly, Terrence K., James Dobbins, David A. Shlapak, David C. Gompert, Eric Heginbotham, Peter Chalk and Lloyd Thrall. 2014. “Chinese Interests and Strategy.” in The U.S. Army in Asia, 2030-2040, RAND Corporations, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.7249/j.ctt1287mkz.10.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A59a158d6bb8e923844e699ceb4351a3e
King, Kenneth. 2019. “China-Africa Education Cooperation: From FOCAC to Belt and Road.” ECNU Review of Education, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2096531119889874
Li, Mingjiang. 2008. “China Debates Soft Power.” Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 2, pp. 287-308
National Bureau of Statistic of China. 2009. “China Statistical Yearbook 2009.” http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2009/indexeh.htm
People’s Republic of China. 2011. “China’s Peaceful Development.” Information Office of the State Council, 6 September, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/09/09/content_281474986284646.htm
People’s Republic of China. 2014. “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform.” China.org.cn, 16 January, http://www.china.org.cn/china/third_plenary_session/2014-01/16/content_31212602.htm
People’s Republic of China. 2014b. “???????????????
?????2014—2020?????”Shehui xinyong tixi jianshe guihua gangyao (2014-2020 nian) [Planning Outline for the Construction of a Social Credit System (2014-2020).], State Council, 14 June, http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-06/27/content_8913.htm
Translation online: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/planning-outline-for-theconstruction-of-a-social-credit-system-2014-2020/
People’s Republic of China. 2000. “Beijing Declaration of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/eng/zyzl/hywj/t157833.htm
PR Newswire. 2019. “The First China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo Held Successfully in Hunan.” 1 July, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-first-china-africa-economic-and-trade-expo-held-successfully-in-hunan-300878382.html
The New York Times. 2016. “Q & A.: Yan Xuetong Urges China to Adopt a More Assertive Foreign Policy.”, 9 February
Rajan, D.S. 2015. “China Under Xi Jinping - A New Trend in Foreign Policy.” 10 April, South Asia Analysis Group, paper no. 5912.
Rhoads, Robert A., Xiaoyang Wang, Xiaoguang Shi and Yongcai Chang. 2014. China’s Rising Research Universities: A New Era of Global Ambition.
Shambaugh, David. 2004. “China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order.” International Security, Vol. 29, No. 3, 64-99.
Swaine, Michael D. 2015. “Xi Jinping’s Address to the Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs: Assessing and Advancing Major- Power Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics.” China Leadership Monitor, No. 46
Swaine, Michael D. 2011. “China’s Assertive Behavior, Part One: On ‘Core Interests’.” China Leadership Monitor, No. 34, Winter 2011.
Tang, James T H. 2011. “Chinese Foreign Policy Challenges: Periphery as Core.” in Carlson, Allen and Ren Xiao. eds. 2011. New Frontiers in China’s Foreign Relations. UK: Lexington Books, pp. 173-190
The Economist. 2020. “China views Donald Trump’s America with growing distrust and scorn.” 2 January, https://www.economist.com/china/2020/01/02/china-views-donald-trumps-america-with-growing-distrust-and-scorn
The Guardian. 2008. “The man who swam to China floats to the top of global banking.” 26 July, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/jul/27/worldbank.china
The IMF. 2019. “IMF Members’ Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors.” 28 August, https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.aspx
The United States of America. 2017. “National Security of the United States of America.” The White House, December, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf
The United States of American. 2018. “Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge.” Department of Defense, https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf
The World Bank. 2018. “Belt and Road Initiative.” 29 March, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. 2011. “China’s Foreign Policy: Challenges and Players.” 13 April, One Hundred Twelfth Congress
Wacker, G. 2006. “China’s Grand Strategy.” in Wacker (ed.), China’s Rise: The Return of Geopolitics? SWP Research Paper, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, pp. 55-60
Wang Yizhou. 2014. “China’s New Foreign Policy: Transformations and Challenges Reflected in Changing Discourse.” 21 March, The ASAN Forum, http://www.theasanforum.org/chinas-new-foreign-policy-transformations-and-challenges-reflected-in-changing-discourse/
Weisbrot, Mark and Jake Johnston. 2016. “Voting Share Reform at the IMF: Will it Make a Difference?” Center for Economic and Policy Research, April, http://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/IMF-voting-shares-2016-04.pdf
Weissmann, Mikael. 2015. “Chinese Foreign Policy in a Global Perspective: A Responsible Reformer ‘Striving for Achievement’.” JCIR, Vol 3, No. 1
Westcott, Ben and Serenitie Wang. 2019. “Xi Jingping is determined to end all poverty in China by 2020. Can he do it?” CNN, 20 April, https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/19/asia/poverty-alleviation-2020-xi-jinping-intl/index.html
Woody, Christopher. 2015. “The South China Sea is now a ‘core interest’ of Beijing- and that's a problem for its neighbors.” Business Insider, July 2, https://www.businessinsider.com/the-south-china-sea-is-chinas-core-interest-2015-7
World Bank. 2018. “Belt and Road Initiative.” 29 March, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative
World Bank. 2019. “Poverty & Equity Brief: China.” April, https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_CHN.pdf
World Bank. nd. “Data: China: GDP growth (annual %).” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN
World Economic Forum. 2017. “President Xi’s Speech to Davos In Full.” 17 January, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-at-the-world-economic-forum/
World Resources Institute. 2017. “The Interactive Chart Explains World’s Top 10 Emitters, and How They’ve changes.” 11 April, https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed
Wu, Chengqiu. 2010. “Sovereignty, Human Rights and Responsibility: Changes in China’s Response toward International Humanitarian Crises.” Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 71-97
Xinhua. 2019. “Global governance reform at core of Xi’s G20 summit speech, say experts.” 29 June, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/29/c_138182590.htm
Xinhua 2018. “China’s market economy system is ever-improving after WTO entry: MOC.” 28 June, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/28/c_137287809.htm
Xinhua. 2017. “Xi Jinping: Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.” Speech delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on 18 October 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping's_report_at_19th_CPC_National_Congress.pdf
Xinhua. 2014. “Xi eyes more enabling int'l environment for China's peaceful development.” 30 November, http://en.people.cn/n/2014/1130/c90883-8815967.html
Xinhua. 2013. “Xi Vows Peaceful Development While Not Waiving Legitimate Rights.” 29 January, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-01/29/c_132136202.htm
Yan, Xuetong. 2014. “From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, June
Yu, Yongding. 2010. “China’s response to the global financial crisis.” East Asia Forum, January 24, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/01/24/chinas-response-to-the-global-financial-crisis/
Zhang Baohui. 2010. “Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition: Trends and Implications.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 39 (2), pg. 39-68, https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jcca/article/view/254/254
Zhang, Feng. 2012. ‘China’s New Thinking on Alliances.” Survival, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 129-148
Zhu, Liqun. 2009. “The Feature of ‘Golden Mean in China’s Diplomacy’.” Journal of Foreign Affairs Review, No. 3.

Downloads

Publicado

2020-05-02

Edição

Seção

Artigos

Como Citar

RANA, Renu. Emerging Trends in China’s Foreign Policy: Opportunities and Challenges Ahead. Brazilian Journal of International Relations, Marília, SP, v. 9, n. 1, p. 72–101, 2020. DOI: 10.36311/2237-7743.2020.v9n1.06.p72. Disponível em: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/bjir/article/view/10149.. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.